Permian

@article{hill1889the,
    author = "HILL, ROBT. T.",
    title = "The Permian Rocks of Texas",
    year = "1889",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ns-13.313.92-b",
    doi = "10.1126/science.ns-13.313.92-b",
    number = "313",
    pages = "92-92",
    volume = "ns-13"
}

@article{tarr1892the,
    author = "Tarr, R. S.",
    title = "The Permian of Texas",
    year = "1892",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-43.253.9",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s3-43.253.9",
    number = "253",
    pages = "9-12",
    volume = "s3-43"
}

@article{sternberg1903the,
    author = "Sternberg, Charles H.",
    title = "The Permian Life of Texas",
    year = "1903",
    journal = "Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (1903-)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3624777",
    doi = "10.2307/3624777",
    pages = "94",
    volume = "18"
}

By comparing the Upper Permian stratigraphy of West Texas and Oklahoma it is found that the Whitehorse of Oklahoma is equivalent to the lower evaporites of the southern basin and that the Permian of the Oklahoma Quartermaster is equivalent to the Yates sand. Formations above the Yates in the southern basin are younger than any of the Oklahoma or Kansas Permian.

@article{adams1935upper,
    author = "Adams, John Emery",
    title = "Upper Permian Stratigraphy of West Texas Permian Basin",
    year = "1935",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "By comparing the Upper Permian stratigraphy of West Texas and Oklahoma it is found that the Whitehorse of Oklahoma is equivalent to the lower evaporites of the southern basin and that the Permian of the Oklahoma Quartermaster is equivalent to the Yates sand. Formations above the Yates in the southern basin are younger than any of the Oklahoma or Kansas Permian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/3d932d36-16b1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/3d932d36-16b1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "7",
    pages = "1010-1022",
    volume = "19"
}

@article{carpenter1948a,
    author = "Carpenter, F. M.",
    title = "A Permian Insect From Texas",
    year = "1948",
    journal = "Psyche: A Journal of Entomology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1155/1948/72584",
    doi = "10.1155/1948/72584",
    number = "2",
    pages = "101-103",
    volume = "55"
}

@article{carpenter1962a,
    author = "Carpenter, F. M.",
    title = "A Permian Megasecopteron From Texas",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "Psyche: A Journal of Entomology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1155/1962/90353",
    doi = "10.1155/1962/90353",
    number = "1",
    pages = "37-41",
    volume = "69"
}

@article{ross1962pennsylvanian3,
    author = "Ross, C. A. and Ross, J. P",
    title = "Pennsylvanian, Permian rugose corals, Glass Mountains, Texas",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, p. 1163-1188",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ross, C. A., and Ross, J. P., 1962, Pennsylvanian, Permian rugose corals, Glass Mountains, Texas: Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, p. 1163-1188.}"
}

@book{cuffey1967bryozoan2,
    author = "Cuffey, R. J",
    title = "Bryozoan Tabulipora carbonaria in Wreford Megacyclothem (Lower Permian) of Kansas",
    year = "1967",
    publisher = "University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, p. 1-96",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cuffey, R. J., 1967, Bryozoan Tabulipora carbonaria in Wreford Megacyclothem (Lower Permian) of Kansas: University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, p. 1-96.}"
}

Throughout most of late Permian time the southeastern Permian Basin was part of a shallow barred lagoon located in an area of high evaporation and low rainfall. Refluxion to the open sea farther west was slowed by the intervening Capitan barrier reef during Guadalupian time, but free surface influxion of sea water occurred. Dolomite and sand deposition during Grayburg time yielded to precipitation of anhydrite and halite in early Queen time. Deposition of fine-grained sand and clay from a lowland lying to the east and south alternated with anhydrite and halite during Queen and Seven Rivers times. A maximum of 550 feet of Queen and 600 feet of Seven Rivers sediments accumulated. During Yates time 150 feet of fine-grained sand was spread across the area. Clastic deposition was interrupted at the beginning of Tansill time, during which 15–50 feet of anhydrite and halite were precipitated. Regional uplift followed, and 20 feet of shale of Castile (?) age accumulated. After the sea returned, halite deposition ensued throughout Salado time except for short periods of polyhalite accumulation and one period of widespread anhydrite precipitation during which the Cowden Member was deposited as far east as Coke County. Emergence and local erosion of Salado salt occurred in early Rustler time. Final transgression of the Permian sea allowed the marine deposition of 80 feet of Rustler sand and anhydrite and 100 feet of Dewey Lake sand. The sea then withdrew, ending Permian deposition in West Texas.

@incollection{mear1968upper,
    author = "Mear, Charles E.",
    title = "Upper Permian Sediments in Southeastern Permian Basin, Texas",
    year = "1968",
    booktitle = "Saline Deposits: A Symposium based on Papers from the International Conference on Saline Deposits, Houston, Texas, 1962",
    abstract = "Throughout most of late Permian time the southeastern Permian Basin was part of a shallow barred lagoon located in an area of high evaporation and low rainfall. Refluxion to the open sea farther west was slowed by the intervening Capitan barrier reef during Guadalupian time, but free surface influxion of sea water occurred. Dolomite and sand deposition during Grayburg time yielded to precipitation of anhydrite and halite in early Queen time. Deposition of fine-grained sand and clay from a lowland lying to the east and south alternated with anhydrite and halite during Queen and Seven Rivers times. A maximum of 550 feet of Queen and 600 feet of Seven Rivers sediments accumulated. During Yates time 150 feet of fine-grained sand was spread across the area. Clastic deposition was interrupted at the beginning of Tansill time, during which 15–50 feet of anhydrite and halite were precipitated. Regional uplift followed, and 20 feet of shale of Castile (?) age accumulated. After the sea returned, halite deposition ensued throughout Salado time except for short periods of polyhalite accumulation and one period of widespread anhydrite precipitation during which the Cowden Member was deposited as far east as Coke County. Emergence and local erosion of Salado salt occurred in early Rustler time. Final transgression of the Permian sea allowed the marine deposition of 80 feet of Rustler sand and anhydrite and 100 feet of Dewey Lake sand. The sea then withdrew, ending Permian deposition in West Texas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/spe88-p349",
    doi = "10.1130/spe88-p349",
    pages = "349-358"
}

@article{mccasland1969permian,
    author = "McCasland, Barney C.",
    title = "Permian Basin Sulfur, Texas: ABSTRACT",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/5d25c605-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/5d25c605-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    volume = "53"
}

@misc{wilde1971phylogeny4,
    author = "Wilde, G. L",
    title = "Phylogeny of Pseudofusulinella and its bearing on Early Permian stratigraphy",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, v. 3, p. 363-379",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wilde, G. L., 1971, Phylogeny of Pseudofusulinella and its bearing on Early Permian stratigraphy: Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, v. 3, p. 363-379.}"
}

@techreport{anderson1972permian1,
    author = "Anderson, R. Y. and Dean, W. E. and Kirkland, D. W. and Snyder, H. I",
    title = "Permian Castile varved evaporite sequence, West Texas and New Mexico",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 59-86",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Anderson, R. Y., Dean, W. E., Kirkland, D. W., and Snyder, H. I., 1972, Permian Castile varved evaporite sequence, West Texas and New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 59-86.}"
}

Freshwater turtles are valuable sentinels of aquatic systems due to their long lifespans and resilience in environments impacted by contaminants. The Permian Basin, dominated by the oil and gas sector, spans western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, USA, including the Pecos River and its tributaries, the Delaware and Black Rivers. Our study assessed concentrations of eight environmental contaminants listed under the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 in the tissues of three turtle species from the rivers of the Permian Basin: the claws of the Texas spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera emoryi), and the claws and blood of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and Rio Grande cooter (Pseudemys gorzugi). The Delaware River exhibited the highest levels of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), and chromium (Cr) in both claw and blood samples, potentially reflecting the industrial impact of oil and gas activities in the region. Contaminant concentrations reflected the trophic levels of different species, with carnivorous A. spinifera emoryi showing elevated levels of Se and Hg, and herbivorous P. gorzugi showing elevated levels of As and Ba. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between blood and claw contaminant concentrations for As, Ba, Se, and Pb. This study highlights turtles as effective sentinels, providing baseline data on contaminant concentrations in turtle tissue, identifying areas with elevated pollutants, and demonstrating their potential to track temporal trends in pollutant accumulation to inform resource management and pollution mitigation strategies.

@article{doi101002tox70081,
    author = "Sapp, Ana G G and Cope, W Gregory and Moorman, Christopher E and Weber, Frank X and Mali, Ivana",
    title = "Environmental Contaminant Accumulation in Freshwater Turtles Inhabiting Three Rivers of the Permian Basin, New Mexico, USA.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Environmental toxicology",
    abstract = "Freshwater turtles are valuable sentinels of aquatic systems due to their long lifespans and resilience in environments impacted by contaminants. The Permian Basin, dominated by the oil and gas sector, spans western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, USA, including the Pecos River and its tributaries, the Delaware and Black Rivers. Our study assessed concentrations of eight environmental contaminants listed under the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 in the tissues of three turtle species from the rivers of the Permian Basin: the claws of the Texas spiny softshell (Apalone spinifera emoryi), and the claws and blood of the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and Rio Grande cooter (Pseudemys gorzugi). The Delaware River exhibited the highest levels of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), and chromium (Cr) in both claw and blood samples, potentially reflecting the industrial impact of oil and gas activities in the region. Contaminant concentrations reflected the trophic levels of different species, with carnivorous A. spinifera emoryi showing elevated levels of Se and Hg, and herbivorous P. gorzugi showing elevated levels of As and Ba. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between blood and claw contaminant concentrations for As, Ba, Se, and Pb. This study highlights turtles as effective sentinels, providing baseline data on contaminant concentrations in turtle tissue, identifying areas with elevated pollutants, and demonstrating their potential to track temporal trends in pollutant accumulation to inform resource management and pollution mitigation strategies.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41887930/",
    doi = "10.1002/tox.70081",
    pmid = "41887930"
}