Petroglyphs

@misc{rehn1910western,
    author = "Rehn, James A. G.",
    title = "Western United States",
    year = "1910",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.166311",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.166311"
}

Probably the study of petroglyphs and pictographs has been the most neglected field of archaeology. This disregard has prevailed despite the fact that both types of drawings exist in almost every state. Few attempts have been made to study the relations between different sites or between petroglyphs and other remains. Petroglyphs are regarded with little concern because little is known about them and detailed descriptions will not help to solve the problems confronting the investigator.

@article{tatum1946distribution,
    author = "Tatum, Robert M.",
    title = "Distribution and Bibliography of the Petroglyphs of the United States",
    year = "1946",
    journal = "American Antiquity",
    abstract = "Probably the study of petroglyphs and pictographs has been the most neglected field of archaeology. This disregard has prevailed despite the fact that both types of drawings exist in almost every state. Few attempts have been made to study the relations between different sites or between petroglyphs and other remains. Petroglyphs are regarded with little concern because little is known about them and detailed descriptions will not help to solve the problems confronting the investigator.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/275345",
    doi = "10.2307/275345",
    number = "2",
    pages = "122-125",
    volume = "12"
}

@article{dorn1984chronometric,
    author = "Dorn, Ronald I. and Whitley, David S.",
    title = "Chronometric and Relative Age Determination of Petroglyphs in the Western United States",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Annals of the Association of American Geographers",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1984.tb01455.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1467-8306.1984.tb01455.x",
    number = "2",
    pages = "308-322",
    volume = "74"
}

@misc{dorn1984chronometric1,
    author = "Dorn, R. I. and Whitley, D. S",
    title = "Chronometric and relative age determination of petroglyphs in the Western United States",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Annals, Association of American Geographers, v. 74, p. 308-322",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dorn, R. I., and Whitley, D. S., 1984, Chronometric and relative age determination of petroglyphs in the Western United States: Annals, Association of American Geographers, v. 74, p. 308-322.}"
}

Four years of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements involving fixed and mobile stations in the western United States are analyzed using weighted least squares. Baseline solution time series are used to estimate rates of change of the vector baselines between pairs of VLBI stations. Horizontal vector motions are determined for 18 sites with respect to a site in the Mojave desert. Six sites west of and two sites just to the east of the San Andreas fault show northwestward motion closely parallel to the San Andreas fault. Their motions range from 18 to 43 mm/yr and are significant at confidence levels greater than 99%. Motions in California relative to interior North American plate sites are used to estimate an integrated contribution from Basin and Range spreading to the total relative Pacific plate motion as 9–10 mm/yr. A maximum relative velocity of 50–51 mm/yr is found between the interior North American sites and the western California sites, in close agreement with the NUVEL‐I plate motion model.

@article{clark1987determination,
    author = "Clark, T. A. and Gordon, D. and Himwich, W. E. and Ma, C. and Mallama, A. and Ryan, J. W.",
    title = "Determination of relative site motions in the western United States using Mark III Very Long Baseline Interferometry",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth",
    abstract = "Four years of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements involving fixed and mobile stations in the western United States are analyzed using weighted least squares. Baseline solution time series are used to estimate rates of change of the vector baselines between pairs of VLBI stations. Horizontal vector motions are determined for 18 sites with respect to a site in the Mojave desert. Six sites west of and two sites just to the east of the San Andreas fault show northwestward motion closely parallel to the San Andreas fault. Their motions range from 18 to 43 mm/yr and are significant at confidence levels greater than 99\%. Motions in California relative to interior North American plate sites are used to estimate an integrated contribution from Basin and Range spreading to the total relative Pacific plate motion as 9–10 mm/yr. A maximum relative velocity of 50–51 mm/yr is found between the interior North American sites and the western California sites, in close agreement with the NUVEL‐I plate motion model.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jb092ib12p12741",
    doi = "10.1029/jb092ib12p12741",
    number = "B12",
    pages = "12741-12750",
    volume = "92"
}

The disaggregated nature of a Social Accounting Matrix makes it a suitable tool for studying the income generation process and its distributional effects. Using the linear structure of a SAM, a model for distributional analysis is developed. The proposed approach emphasizes the functional determinants of relative incomes and the underlying structural features of income distribution and redistribution.

@article{rolandholst1992relative,
    author = "Roland‐Holst, David W. and Sancho, Ferran",
    title = "RELATIVE INCOME DETERMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES: A SOCIAL ACCOUNTING PERSPECTIVE",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Review of Income and Wealth",
    abstract = "The disaggregated nature of a Social Accounting Matrix makes it a suitable tool for studying the income generation process and its distributional effects. Using the linear structure of a SAM, a model for distributional analysis is developed. The proposed approach emphasizes the functional determinants of relative incomes and the underlying structural features of income distribution and redistribution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00428.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1475-4991.1992.tb00428.x",
    number = "3",
    pages = "311-327",
    volume = "38"
}

@incollection{crossref1998western,
    title = "Western United States",
    year = "1998",
    booktitle = "International Policy Institutions Around the Pacific Rim",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/9780585173085-008",
    doi = "10.1515/9780585173085-008",
    pages = "221-306"
}

The authors investigated salinity tolerance of four intermountain western United States native (Penstemon palmeri, Mirabilis multiflora, Geranium viscosissimum, and Eriogonum jamesii) and four common (Echinacea purpurea, Lavandula angustifolia, Leucanthemum × superbum ‘Alaska’, and × Penstemon mexicali ‘Red Rocks’) ornamental herbaceous perennials. Each was irrigated with a solution containing 2 CaCl 2: 1 NaCl (m ratio) at salinity levels of 0 (control), 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg·L −1 during two 8-week experiments. They measured weekly visual quality and gas exchange and final shoot and root dry weights. Mirabilis multiflora, L. × superbum, and L. angustifolia maintained high visual quality and 100% survival across salinity levels. However, dry weights for L. × superbum decreased at salt levels ≥ 3000 mg·L −1 in both experiments and for L. angustifolia in one experiment. Mortality rates of 12% to 100% were observed for the remaining five species irrigated with 3000 and 5000-mg·L −1 solutions. Visual quality of P. palmeri, G. viscosissimum, and E. purpurea varied with time of year the experiment was conducted, with low visual quality associated with high temperatures and light intensities, whereas dry matter and gas exchange responses to salinity were similar between the two experiments. Penstemon × mexicali and E. jamesii exhibited high mortality, low visual quality, and low gas exchange in the case of E. jamesii at high salinity treatments regardless of when experiments were conducted. Based on visual quality responses, M. multiflora, L. × superbum, and L. angustifolia are relatively more salt tolerant, and P. × mexicali and E. jamesii are relatively more intolerant, than the three other species. Penstemon palmeri, G. viscosissimum, and E. purpurea exhibited intermediate tolerance to salinity with acceptable quality during periods of cool temperatures and lower light intensities.

@article{zollinger2007relative,
    author = "Zollinger, Nickolee and Koenig, Richard and Cerny-Koenig, Teresa and Kjelgren, Roger",
    title = "Relative Salinity Tolerance of Intermountain Western United States Native Herbaceous Perennials",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "HortScience",
    abstract = "The authors investigated salinity tolerance of four intermountain western United States native (Penstemon palmeri, Mirabilis multiflora, Geranium viscosissimum, and Eriogonum jamesii) and four common (Echinacea purpurea, Lavandula angustifolia, Leucanthemum × superbum ‘Alaska’, and × Penstemon mexicali ‘Red Rocks’) ornamental herbaceous perennials. Each was irrigated with a solution containing 2 CaCl 2: 1 NaCl (m ratio) at salinity levels of 0 (control), 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg·L −1 during two 8-week experiments. They measured weekly visual quality and gas exchange and final shoot and root dry weights. Mirabilis multiflora, L. × superbum, and L. angustifolia maintained high visual quality and 100\% survival across salinity levels. However, dry weights for L. × superbum decreased at salt levels ≥ 3000 mg·L −1 in both experiments and for L. angustifolia in one experiment. Mortality rates of 12\% to 100\% were observed for the remaining five species irrigated with 3000 and 5000-mg·L −1 solutions. Visual quality of P. palmeri, G. viscosissimum, and E. purpurea varied with time of year the experiment was conducted, with low visual quality associated with high temperatures and light intensities, whereas dry matter and gas exchange responses to salinity were similar between the two experiments. Penstemon × mexicali and E. jamesii exhibited high mortality, low visual quality, and low gas exchange in the case of E. jamesii at high salinity treatments regardless of when experiments were conducted. Based on visual quality responses, M. multiflora, L. × superbum, and L. angustifolia are relatively more salt tolerant, and P. × mexicali and E. jamesii are relatively more intolerant, than the three other species. Penstemon palmeri, G. viscosissimum, and E. purpurea exhibited intermediate tolerance to salinity with acceptable quality during periods of cool temperatures and lower light intensities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.3.529",
    doi = "10.21273/hortsci.42.3.529",
    number = "3",
    pages = "529-534",
    volume = "42"
}

@incollection{fridland2017western,
    author = "Fridland, Valerie and Kendall, Tyler",
    title = "Western United States",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "Listening to the Past",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107279865.014",
    doi = "10.1017/9781107279865.014",
    pages = "325-349"
}

@incollection{barstow2023western,
    author = "Barstow, Eliza Young",
    title = "Western United States",
    year = "2023",
    booktitle = "Christianity in North America",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/9781399507448-009",
    doi = "10.1515/9781399507448-009",
    pages = "64-75"
}