Phytolites

@misc{makarikhin1983phytolites1,
    author = "Makarikhin, V. V. and Kononova, G",
    title = "Phytolites of the Karelian Lower Proterozoic [in Russian]",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Leningrad, Nauka, 180 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Makarikhin, V. V., and Kononova, G., 1983, Phytolites of the Karelian Lower Proterozoic [in Russian]: Leningrad, Nauka, 180 p.}"
}

@article{ward1987early,
    author = "Ward, P.",
    title = "Early proterozoic deposition and deformation at the karelian craton margin in southeastern Finland",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Precambrian Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(87)90046-5",
    doi = "10.1016/0301-9268(87)90046-5",
    pages = "71-93",
    volume = "35"
}

@article{pugh2008on,
    author = "Pugh, Stefan M.",
    title = "On the assimilation of Russian substantival lexemes in Karelian",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "WORD",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2008.11432587",
    doi = "10.1080/00437956.2008.11432587",
    number = "3",
    pages = "219-240",
    volume = "59"
}

This article examines Finnish language literature in Russian Karelia on the Russian–Finnish national borderland from the 1940s until the 1970s. It focuses on the concepts of the non-Russian language space and border that are constructed and studied in the context of three novels: Iira (1947), Tiny White Bird (1961), and We Karelians (1971). The article claims that the non-Russian language space and the national border started to be understood differently from the official degrees dictated by Moscow, as found in literature already from the late 1950s and early 1960s. From the 1950s onwards, the historical, linguistic, and cultural roots across the national border and the Finnish population were allowed to be recognized in literature. Furthermore, this article claims that in the 1970s, literature was able to represent such regional history, and also the closeness and permeability of the national border that influenced the lives of the Soviet Karelian non-Russian speaking population and their identity formation. This led to different ideas of the national border, in which the border and its functions and meanings became gradually more multi-voiced, ambivalent and controversial, in comparison to the conceptualization of the border as presenting a strict, impermeable boundary.

@article{kurki2014nonrussian,
    author = "Kurki, Tuulikki",
    title = "Non-Russian Language Space and Border in Russian Karelian Literature",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Culture Unbound",
    abstract = "This article examines Finnish language literature in Russian Karelia on the Russian–Finnish national borderland from the 1940s until the 1970s. It focuses on the concepts of the non-Russian language space and border that are constructed and studied in the context of three novels: Iira (1947), Tiny White Bird (1961), and We Karelians (1971). The article claims that the non-Russian language space and the national border started to be understood differently from the official degrees dictated by Moscow, as found in literature already from the late 1950s and early 1960s. From the 1950s onwards, the historical, linguistic, and cultural roots across the national border and the Finnish population were allowed to be recognized in literature. Furthermore, this article claims that in the 1970s, literature was able to represent such regional history, and also the closeness and permeability of the national border that influenced the lives of the Soviet Karelian non-Russian speaking population and their identity formation. This led to different ideas of the national border, in which the border and its functions and meanings became gradually more multi-voiced, ambivalent and controversial, in comparison to the conceptualization of the border as presenting a strict, impermeable boundary.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1461095",
    doi = "10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1461095",
    number = "6",
    pages = "1095-1121",
    volume = "6"
}

The paper presents the results of a critical discourse analysis study conducted on two Karelian and two Russian local newspapers that are regularly published in the Republic of Karelia. Minority language media is often considered an important tool in minority language preservation. This paper focuses on representations of the Karelian language and culture in both minority and mainstream newspapers and the effects that these representations may have on the preservation and revitalisation efforts of Karelian.

@article{tánczos2015representations,
    author = "Tánczos, Outi",
    title = "Representations of Karelians and the Karelian language in Karelian and Russian local newspapers",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics",
    abstract = "The paper presents the results of a critical discourse analysis study conducted on two Karelian and two Russian local newspapers that are regularly published in the Republic of Karelia. Minority language media is often considered an important tool in minority language preservation. This paper focuses on representations of the Karelian language and culture in both minority and mainstream newspapers and the effects that these representations may have on the preservation and revitalisation efforts of Karelian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2015.6.1.06",
    doi = "10.12697/jeful.2015.6.1.06",
    number = "1",
    pages = "91-110",
    volume = "6"
}

Тверская земля является местом коренного заселения карелов с XVII в., поэтому проблема национальных контактов русского и карельского населений оказывается очень актуальной для Тверской области. Эти контакты описываются обычно как бесконфликтные, а культурный обмен - как интенсивный и плодотворный, но в реальной практике со стороны русских существовала ксенофобия, которая усилилась в XX в. в период индустриализации, когда карелы стали переезжать в города. Отражение «мягкой» ксенофобии, иронии над чужим мы видим в частушках. В XX в. уровень национальной идентичности карелов постоянно понижался. Национальность не скрывается, но и не позиционируется, и даже население Лихославльского района собиратели-карелы называют карелоязычным, а не карельским. В результате культурной ассимиляции карелов от них записан большой корпус фольклорного материала на русском языке, русскоязычный фольклор тверских карелов. В этой ситуации особое значение приобретают тексты, в которых есть показатели идентичности. Когда исполнительница-карелка говорит: «Эх ты, русское наше приволье» - это означает не национальную, но государственную принадлежность. Можно выявить три вида карело-русской культурной интерференции. Первый - тематический: в частушках образ карела либо сопоставляется с русским, либо описывается сам по себе, но имплицитно чужая, внешняя точка зрения все же присутствует. Другой вид культурной интерференции - языковой: в русскоязычных частушках появляются карельские вкрапления, а в карельских частушках - русскоязычные вкрапления. Третий вид культурной интерференции - фоновый: это либо переводы народных русских песен на карельский язык, либо формирование оригинальных карельских песен, аналогичных русским песням с теми же сюжетами («Летит, летит птичка» / «Уж ты сад, мой сад, сад зелененький» и «В полюшке березка растет» / «Во поле березка стояла»). В статье подробно рассмотрены первые два вида карело-русской культурной интерференции. The Tver region has been a place of the Karelians’ habitation since XVII century. Therefore, the problem of national contacts between the Russians and the Karelians is topical for this territory. Usually these contacts are described as devoid of any conflict, and the cultural exchange as intensive and fruitful, but in reality there has always been some xenophobia on the part of the Russians, which had been growing all through the XX century’s industrialization period, when the Karelians began moving to urban areas. In chastushkas we see the reflection of “mild” xenophobia, of irony directed at the alien culture. Throughout the XX century the level of Karelian national identity had been decreasing. The Karelians do not conceal their nationality, but they do not manifest it openly, as well, and even the population of the Likhoslavl district define themselves as “Karelian-speaking” and not as the Karelians. As the result of the Karelians’ cultural assimilation a large volume of Karelian folk material in the Russian language was recorded - the Russian folklore of the Tver Region Karelians. In this situation, the texts bearing the indices of national identity are of special importance. When a Karelian folk singer says, “These are our Russian vistas”, she means not national, but administrative and civil identity. We can define three types of Karelian-Russian cultural interference. The first type is the thematic one: in chastushcas the image of a Karelian is either compared to that of a Russian, or is described as a thing in itself, while there still exists some implied outside point of view. Another type of cultural interference is connected with the language: the Russian chastushkas bear Karelian inclusions, while the Karelian ones have inclusions in the Russian language. The third type of the cultural interference deals with the background, and embraces either Karelian translations of the Russian folk songs, or creation of original Karelian songs similar to their Russian analogues with the same plot (“There flies a bird” / “Oh, my green, green orchard” and “In the field there grows a birch-tree” / “In the field there was a birch-tree”). The article gives a detailed analysis of the first two types of Karelian-Russian cultural interference.

@article{строганов2019the,
    author = "Строганов, Михаил Викторович",
    title = "The image of the Karelian in Russian humorous folk rhymes (chastushkas) of the Karelians to the problem of Karelian-Russian cultural interference",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "ТРАДИЦИОННАЯ КУЛЬТУРА",
    abstract = "Тверская земля является местом коренного заселения карелов с XVII в., поэтому проблема национальных контактов русского и карельского населений оказывается очень актуальной для Тверской области. Эти контакты описываются обычно как бесконфликтные, а культурный обмен - как интенсивный и плодотворный, но в реальной практике со стороны русских существовала ксенофобия, которая усилилась в XX в. в период индустриализации, когда карелы стали переезжать в города. Отражение «мягкой» ксенофобии, иронии над чужим мы видим в частушках. В XX в. уровень национальной идентичности карелов постоянно понижался. Национальность не скрывается, но и не позиционируется, и даже население Лихославльского района собиратели-карелы называют карелоязычным, а не карельским. В результате культурной ассимиляции карелов от них записан большой корпус фольклорного материала на русском языке, русскоязычный фольклор тверских карелов. В этой ситуации особое значение приобретают тексты, в которых есть показатели идентичности. Когда исполнительница-карелка говорит: «Эх ты, русское наше приволье» - это означает не национальную, но государственную принадлежность. Можно выявить три вида карело-русской культурной интерференции. Первый - тематический: в частушках образ карела либо сопоставляется с русским, либо описывается сам по себе, но имплицитно чужая, внешняя точка зрения все же присутствует. Другой вид культурной интерференции - языковой: в русскоязычных частушках появляются карельские вкрапления, а в карельских частушках - русскоязычные вкрапления. Третий вид культурной интерференции - фоновый: это либо переводы народных русских песен на карельский язык, либо формирование оригинальных карельских песен, аналогичных русским песням с теми же сюжетами («Летит, летит птичка» / «Уж ты сад, мой сад, сад зелененький» и «В полюшке березка растет» / «Во поле березка стояла»). В статье подробно рассмотрены первые два вида карело-русской культурной интерференции. The Tver region has been a place of the Karelians’ habitation since XVII century. Therefore, the problem of national contacts between the Russians and the Karelians is topical for this territory. Usually these contacts are described as devoid of any conflict, and the cultural exchange as intensive and fruitful, but in reality there has always been some xenophobia on the part of the Russians, which had been growing all through the XX century’s industrialization period, when the Karelians began moving to urban areas. In chastushkas we see the reflection of “mild” xenophobia, of irony directed at the alien culture. Throughout the XX century the level of Karelian national identity had been decreasing. The Karelians do not conceal their nationality, but they do not manifest it openly, as well, and even the population of the Likhoslavl district define themselves as “Karelian-speaking” and not as the Karelians. As the result of the Karelians’ cultural assimilation a large volume of Karelian folk material in the Russian language was recorded - the Russian folklore of the Tver Region Karelians. In this situation, the texts bearing the indices of national identity are of special importance. When a Karelian folk singer says, “These are our Russian vistas”, she means not national, but administrative and civil identity. We can define three types of Karelian-Russian cultural interference. The first type is the thematic one: in chastushcas the image of a Karelian is either compared to that of a Russian, or is described as a thing in itself, while there still exists some implied outside point of view. Another type of cultural interference is connected with the language: the Russian chastushkas bear Karelian inclusions, while the Karelian ones have inclusions in the Russian language. The third type of the cultural interference deals with the background, and embraces either Karelian translations of the Russian folk songs, or creation of original Karelian songs similar to their Russian analogues with the same plot (“There flies a bird” / “Oh, my green, green orchard” and “In the field there grows a birch-tree” / “In the field there was a birch-tree”). The article gives a detailed analysis of the first two types of Karelian-Russian cultural interference.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26158/tk.2019.20.5.004",
    doi = "10.26158/tk.2019.20.5.004",
    number = "5",
    pages = "53-64"
}

Can we pinpoint an Eastern Finnic dialect on the map, based exclusively on the Russian influence in its phonology and grammar? How precisely do differences between Russian (sub-)dialects manifest themselves in Eastern Finnic? Due to its unique location, far from its relatives, and its contacts with different Russian dialects, Djorža Karelian is a promising tool for answering these questions. We explore the distribution of three phonological features in Djorža Karelian vocabulary borrowed from Russian; all of them correspond to isoglosses on the Russian dialect map. In addition, we also shortly examine one syntactic feature in this Karelian variety: the distribution of two borrowed conjunctions with similar meaning and North-South divide in Russian dialects. We conclude that phonology is not the best detector of contact between non-cognate dialects, because of the small sound inventories of the contact varieties and the problems in distinguishing externally driven change from internally driven change. Syntax seems to be a better diagnostic for contact between non-cognate dialects, because of its complex relationship with meaning. We go on to demonstrate how syntactic evidence from a non-Slavic variety can also be suggestive for the occurrence of linguistic phenomena in Russian dialects.

@article{kehayov2021reflections,
    author = "Kehayov, Petar and Kuzmin, Denis and Blokland, Rogier",
    title = "Reflections of Russian dialect geography in Djorža Karelian",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja",
    abstract = "Can we pinpoint an Eastern Finnic dialect on the map, based exclusively on the Russian influence in its phonology and grammar? How precisely do differences between Russian (sub-)dialects manifest themselves in Eastern Finnic? Due to its unique location, far from its relatives, and its contacts with different Russian dialects, Djorža Karelian is a promising tool for answering these questions. We explore the distribution of three phonological features in Djorža Karelian vocabulary borrowed from Russian; all of them correspond to isoglosses on the Russian dialect map. In addition, we also shortly examine one syntactic feature in this Karelian variety: the distribution of two borrowed conjunctions with similar meaning and North-South divide in Russian dialects. We conclude that phonology is not the best detector of contact between non-cognate dialects, because of the small sound inventories of the contact varieties and the problems in distinguishing externally driven change from internally driven change. Syntax seems to be a better diagnostic for contact between non-cognate dialects, because of its complex relationship with meaning. We go on to demonstrate how syntactic evidence from a non-Slavic variety can also be suggestive for the occurrence of linguistic phenomena in Russian dialects.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.33340/susa.91524",
    doi = "10.33340/susa.91524",
    number = "98",
    volume = "2021"
}

This study investigates the language contact between Tver Karelian and Russian, attempting to provide a comprehensive overview of the lexicon of bilingual code. The methodology includes a combination of statistical analyses and handling contact-induced change in terms of the Code-Copying Framework (=CCF). Nine interviews with nine people were conducted using the memory walk method. In code copying, correlations were found between different word classes and contact-relatedness. In code alternation, few differences were found between different speakers and one commonality was the use of complex numerals as Russian phrases without adapting them into the Tver Karelian code. The findings confirm that the copies are of a certain kindand appear in certain word classes. Code alternation sequences suggest that, according to the CCF, the discourse rather than the language is mixed. The findings within CCF have implications on minority language policies, as the findings support the use of bilingual terminology. Kokkuvõte. Susanna Tavi: Karjala-vene kakskeelsuse mõju tverikarjala keele sõnavarale. Käesolevas uurimistöös uuritakse tverikarjala ja vene keele kontakte. See uuring püüab anda tervikliku ülevaate kakskeelse koodi sõnavarast. Metoodika sisaldab kombinatsiooni statistilistest analüüsidest ja kontaktidest põhjustatud muutuste käsitlemisest koodikopeerimise raamistiku (Code-Copying Framework = CCF) osas. Üheksa intervjuud üheksa inimesega viidi läbi mälukõnni meetodil. Leiti seoseid erinevate sõnaklasside ja kontaktidega seotuse vahel. Koodivahelduses leiti eri kõnelejate vahel vähe erinevusi ja üheks ühiseks jooneks oli keerukate arvsõnade kasutamine venekeelsete fraasidena, ilma neid tverikarjala koodi sobitamata. Leiud kinnitavad, et koopiad on teatud liiki ja esinevad teatud sõnaklassides. Koodi vaheldumise jadad viitavad sellele, et CCF-i kohaselt on segatud eelkõige diskursus, ja mitte keel. CCF-i leiud avaldavad mõju vähemuskeelte poliitikale, kuna leiud toetavad kakskeelse terminoloogia kasutamist.

@article{tavi2022lexical,
    author = "Tavi, Susanna",
    title = "Lexical outcomes of Karelian-Russian bilingualism in Tver Karelian",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics",
    abstract = "This study investigates the language contact between Tver Karelian and Russian, attempting to provide a comprehensive overview of the lexicon of bilingual code. The methodology includes a combination of statistical analyses and handling contact-induced change in terms of the Code-Copying Framework (=CCF). Nine interviews with nine people were conducted using the memory walk method. In code copying, correlations were found between different word classes and contact-relatedness. In code alternation, few differences were found between different speakers and one commonality was the use of complex numerals as Russian phrases without adapting them into the Tver Karelian code. The findings confirm that the copies are of a certain kindand appear in certain word classes. Code alternation sequences suggest that, according to the CCF, the discourse rather than the language is mixed. The findings within CCF have implications on minority language policies, as the findings support the use of bilingual terminology. Kokkuvõte. Susanna Tavi: Karjala-vene kakskeelsuse mõju tverikarjala keele sõnavarale. Käesolevas uurimistöös uuritakse tverikarjala ja vene keele kontakte. See uuring püüab anda tervikliku ülevaate kakskeelse koodi sõnavarast. Metoodika sisaldab kombinatsiooni statistilistest analüüsidest ja kontaktidest põhjustatud muutuste käsitlemisest koodikopeerimise raamistiku (Code-Copying Framework = CCF) osas. Üheksa intervjuud üheksa inimesega viidi läbi mälukõnni meetodil. Leiti seoseid erinevate sõnaklasside ja kontaktidega seotuse vahel. Koodivahelduses leiti eri kõnelejate vahel vähe erinevusi ja üheks ühiseks jooneks oli keerukate arvsõnade kasutamine venekeelsete fraasidena, ilma neid tverikarjala koodi sobitamata. Leiud kinnitavad, et koopiad on teatud liiki ja esinevad teatud sõnaklassides. Koodi vaheldumise jadad viitavad sellele, et CCF-i kohaselt on segatud eelkõige diskursus, ja mitte keel. CCF-i leiud avaldavad mõju vähemuskeelte poliitikale, kuna leiud toetavad kakskeelse terminoloogia kasutamist.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2022.13.2.11",
    doi = "10.12697/jeful.2022.13.2.11",
    number = "2",
    volume = "13"
}

This article analyses non-calendar Karelian anthroponyms identified in archival documents from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries on the Zaonezhye Peninsula and testifying to the Karelian heritage of this marker for the culture of the Russian North. The analysis draws upon materials of written books, as well as sources of Zaonezhye Volost self-government, which rarely come to the attention of philologists. The sources were compiled on the site with the support of information from residents, consequently, in them, more often than in written books, there are names that used to be found in the national environment. Among them, there are so-called family patronymics and nicknames. At the same time, in accordance with the universal pattern characteristic of nicknames, they reflect the negative characteristics of a person, i.e. laziness, silliness, talkativeness, etc. Many new etymologies of Karelian non-calendar anthroponyms are proposed in the analysis. For etymology, the author extensively uses data of modern Karelian anthroponyms. The value of this anthroponymy is that it significantly expands the fragmentary knowledge of traditional Karelian nouns, especially existing outside Ladoga Karelia. Additionally, it contributes to the reconstruction of the Karelian page in the history of Zaonezhye, as it contains the names of the Karelians who lived there. For the history of the Karelian language, it is significant that in the situation of almost complete absence of Karelian writing dating back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this material contains some features of the language of that time, albeit blurred by Russian adaptation. Some structural markers for distinguishing Finnic anthroponyms by their roots are also proposed.

@article{andmullonen2023karelian,
    author = "Mullonen, Irma I.",
    title = "Karelian Anthroponymic Heritage in Russian Zaonezhye",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts",
    abstract = "This article analyses non-calendar Karelian anthroponyms identified in archival documents from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries on the Zaonezhye Peninsula and testifying to the Karelian heritage of this marker for the culture of the Russian North. The analysis draws upon materials of written books, as well as sources of Zaonezhye Volost self-government, which rarely come to the attention of philologists. The sources were compiled on the site with the support of information from residents, consequently, in them, more often than in written books, there are names that used to be found in the national environment. Among them, there are so-called family patronymics and nicknames. At the same time, in accordance with the universal pattern characteristic of nicknames, they reflect the negative characteristics of a person, i.e. laziness, silliness, talkativeness, etc. Many new etymologies of Karelian non-calendar anthroponyms are proposed in the analysis. For etymology, the author extensively uses data of modern Karelian anthroponyms. The value of this anthroponymy is that it significantly expands the fragmentary knowledge of traditional Karelian nouns, especially existing outside Ladoga Karelia. Additionally, it contributes to the reconstruction of the Karelian page in the history of Zaonezhye, as it contains the names of the Karelians who lived there. For the history of the Karelian language, it is significant that in the situation of almost complete absence of Karelian writing dating back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this material contains some features of the language of that time, albeit blurred by Russian adaptation. Some structural markers for distinguishing Finnic anthroponyms by their roots are also proposed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2023.25.4.073",
    doi = "10.15826/izv2.2023.25.4.073",
    number = "4",
    pages = "264-282",
    volume = "25"
}

Introduction. The language situation in Russia is unique with a fair number of languages spoken on its territory and all of them having different status and scope of use. This implies the relevance of the study that focuses on the analysis of code-switching in the spoken language of the bilinguals speaking Komi and Russian and Karelian and Russian. The novelty of the study is implied by the analysis of the code-switching in the language pairs mentioned above. This contributes to the development of the code-switching theory. Methodology and sources. The methods of language data collection and processing are sociolinguistic methods of interviewing, questionnaire, observation, quantitative and descriptive methods. The research material are scripted dialogues with bilinguals as well as the “Komi mu” and “Parma gor” 2022 issues. Results and discussion. The study of the Komi-Russian and Karelian-Russian code-switching was conducted using P. Muysken’s topology of code-mixing. P. Muysken sees code-switching as alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization according to the degree of the foreign word assimilation in the matrix language. The features of the spoken language of the Komi-Russian bilinguals are the frequent use of Russian discursive and introductory lexical items and adverbs; the nouns and the adjectives usually following the grammatical rules of Komi; the respondents giving preference to Russian versions when using numerals. For the spoken language of the Karelian-Russian bilinguals it is typical to address to Russian vocabulary, especially when mentioning dates, numbers, and using introductory words and phrases; Russian words are also being quite easily transformed according to the Karelian grammar through its case system. Conclusion. Spontaneous speech of the bilingual interviewees contains a great number of code-switching, that could be a convincing demonstration of the language shift and is conditioned by a number of extralinguistic and linguistic factors, such as language prestige, language functionality, language situation, the native language of the interlocutor, and the willing of the respondent to use a certain language.

@article{ershov2023komi,
    author = "Ershov, A. A. and Ivanova, V. A. and Ulianitckaia, L. A.",
    title = "Komi – Russian and Karelian – Russian Code-Switching",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Discourse",
    abstract = "Introduction. The language situation in Russia is unique with a fair number of languages spoken on its territory and all of them having different status and scope of use. This implies the relevance of the study that focuses on the analysis of code-switching in the spoken language of the bilinguals speaking Komi and Russian and Karelian and Russian. The novelty of the study is implied by the analysis of the code-switching in the language pairs mentioned above. This contributes to the development of the code-switching theory. Methodology and sources. The methods of language data collection and processing are sociolinguistic methods of interviewing, questionnaire, observation, quantitative and descriptive methods. The research material are scripted dialogues with bilinguals as well as the “Komi mu” and “Parma gor” 2022 issues. Results and discussion. The study of the Komi-Russian and Karelian-Russian code-switching was conducted using P. Muysken’s topology of code-mixing. P. Muysken sees code-switching as alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization according to the degree of the foreign word assimilation in the matrix language. The features of the spoken language of the Komi-Russian bilinguals are the frequent use of Russian discursive and introductory lexical items and adverbs; the nouns and the adjectives usually following the grammatical rules of Komi; the respondents giving preference to Russian versions when using numerals. For the spoken language of the Karelian-Russian bilinguals it is typical to address to Russian vocabulary, especially when mentioning dates, numbers, and using introductory words and phrases; Russian words are also being quite easily transformed according to the Karelian grammar through its case system. Conclusion. Spontaneous speech of the bilingual interviewees contains a great number of code-switching, that could be a convincing demonstration of the language shift and is conditioned by a number of extralinguistic and linguistic factors, such as language prestige, language functionality, language situation, the native language of the interlocutor, and the willing of the respondent to use a certain language.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2023-9-5-167-183",
    doi = "10.32603/2412-8562-2023-9-5-167-183",
    number = "5",
    pages = "167-183",
    volume = "9"
}

This article provides an overview of the Russian origin of Karelian cow names. It explores what the Russian-origin names mean, what the most common principles of naming are, and whether Russian names have Karelian equivalents. Attention is also paid to the spatial and temporal variation of the names. The data were collected in the 2010s by means of interviews. The data are compared with the name data recorded in the Dictionary of Karelian (KKS). The KKS data reveal extensive adaptation to the Karelian language, whereas in the interview data there is less adaptation to Karelian and the names are often thoroughly Russian. In the KKS data the most common principle of naming is the time of birth, and names based on colouration are also common. According to both data sets, the principles of naming have remained relatively consistent, and the data reveal no great spatial differences in the occurrence of names.

@article{massinen2023the,
    author = "Massinen, Henna",
    title = "The Russian origin of Karelian cow names",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Nordic Journal of Linguistics",
    abstract = "This article provides an overview of the Russian origin of Karelian cow names. It explores what the Russian-origin names mean, what the most common principles of naming are, and whether Russian names have Karelian equivalents. Attention is also paid to the spatial and temporal variation of the names. The data were collected in the 2010s by means of interviews. The data are compared with the name data recorded in the Dictionary of Karelian (KKS). The KKS data reveal extensive adaptation to the Karelian language, whereas in the interview data there is less adaptation to Karelian and the names are often thoroughly Russian. In the KKS data the most common principle of naming is the time of birth, and names based on colouration are also common. According to both data sets, the principles of naming have remained relatively consistent, and the data reveal no great spatial differences in the occurrence of names.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0332586523000100",
    doi = "10.1017/s0332586523000100",
    number = "2",
    pages = "161-185",
    volume = "46"
}