Predation

1. Stimulation in the rock barnacle Balanus balanoides by hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids, and by the first seven members of the normal aliphatic acid series has been studied. The hydrogen ion concentrations of the solutions tested varied from 3.2 x 10–8 to 5.889 x 10–6. The criterion of response was percentage closure in groups of individuals, recorded at 1 minute intervals until maximum closure occurred. 2. The intensity of stimulation by these acids is proportional to the effects of two forces, one related to the change in the (H+), and the other to the field of force around the anion of the acid added to the environment. 3. A preliminary interpretation of the results led to the development of the following expression which fits approximately the data obtained at the end of 4 minutes: Per cent closure = 100 – 100e–0.1z+(0.003125)2–0.1z+(0.003125)2n(z–0.4) where z is the (H+) x 107 and n is the number of carbon atoms (if present) in the anion of the acid. This equation assumes that the anions of the mineral acids enter into the reaction stoichiometrically, and emphasizes the difference in the fields of force around the anion of the fatty acids, a difference which is correlated with the length of the carbon chain. 4. A further analysis of the data revealed the presence of three or more receptor groups which appeared to be differentially affected by forces originating from the anions of the acids. 5. The order of stimulating efficiency for the mineral acids was found to be: HCl>H2SO4>HNO3. 6. The order of stimulating efficiency for the fatty acids was found to be: heptylic>caproic>valeric>butyric = acetic>propionic = formic.

@article{cole1933stimulation,
    author = "Cole, William H. and Allison, J. B.",
    title = "STIMULATION BY MINERAL AND FATTY ACIDS IN THE BARNACLE BALANUS BALANOIDES",
    year = "1933",
    journal = "Journal of General Physiology",
    abstract = "1. Stimulation in the rock barnacle Balanus balanoides by hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids, and by the first seven members of the normal aliphatic acid series has been studied. The hydrogen ion concentrations of the solutions tested varied from 3.2 x 10–8 to 5.889 x 10–6. The criterion of response was percentage closure in groups of individuals, recorded at 1 minute intervals until maximum closure occurred. 2. The intensity of stimulation by these acids is proportional to the effects of two forces, one related to the change in the (H+), and the other to the field of force around the anion of the acid added to the environment. 3. A preliminary interpretation of the results led to the development of the following expression which fits approximately the data obtained at the end of 4 minutes: Per cent closure = 100 – 100e–0.1z+(0.003125)2–0.1z+(0.003125)2n(z–0.4) where z is the (H+) x 107 and n is the number of carbon atoms (if present) in the anion of the acid. This equation assumes that the anions of the mineral acids enter into the reaction stoichiometrically, and emphasizes the difference in the fields of force around the anion of the fatty acids, a difference which is correlated with the length of the carbon chain. 4. A further analysis of the data revealed the presence of three or more receptor groups which appeared to be differentially affected by forces originating from the anions of the acids. 5. The order of stimulating efficiency for the mineral acids was found to be: HCl\>H2SO4\>HNO3. 6. The order of stimulating efficiency for the fatty acids was found to be: heptylic\>caproic\>valeric\>butyric = acetic\>propionic = formic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.16.6.895",
    doi = "10.1085/jgp.16.6.895",
    number = "6",
    pages = "895-903",
    volume = "16"
}

@article{barnes1953on,
    author = "Barnes, H.",
    title = "On the Southern Limits of the Intertidal Barnacle Balanus Balanoides",
    year = "1953",
    journal = "Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1930912",
    doi = "10.2307/1930912",
    number = "2",
    pages = "429-430",
    volume = "34"
}

@article{connell1961effects,
    author = "Connell, Joseph H.",
    title = "Effects of Competition, Predation by Thais lapillus, and Other Factors on Natural Populations of the Barnacle Balanus balanoides",
    year = "1961",
    journal = "Ecological Monographs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1950746",
    doi = "10.2307/1950746",
    number = "1",
    pages = "61-104",
    volume = "31"
}

@misc{connell1961the1,
    author = "Connell, J. H",
    title = "The effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides",
    year = "1961",
    howpublished = "Ecological Monographs, v. 31, p. 61-104",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Connell, J. H., 1961, The effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides: Ecological Monographs, v. 31, p. 61-104.}"
}

@misc{connell1970a2,
    author = "Connell, J. H",
    title = "A predator-prey system in the marine intertidal region. I. Balanus glandula and several predatory species of Thias",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Ecological Monographs, v. 40, p. 49-78",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Connell, J. H., 1970, A predator-prey system in the marine intertidal region. I. Balanus glandula and several predatory species of Thias: Ecological Monographs, v. 40, p. 49-78.}"
}

@article{walker1976balanus,
    author = "Walker, G.",
    title = "Balanus balanoides",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(76)90867-6",
    doi = "10.1016/0011-7471(76)90867-6",
    number = "6",
    pages = "557",
    volume = "23"
}

@article{gamble1977balanus,
    author = "Gamble, J. C. and Stubbings, H. B.",
    title = "Balanus Balanoides",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "The Journal of Animal Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3841",
    doi = "10.2307/3841",
    number = "2",
    pages = "691",
    volume = "46"
}

@article{southward1977balanus,
    author = "Southward, A.J.",
    title = "Balanus balanoides",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0302-3524(77)90081-0",
    doi = "10.1016/0302-3524(77)90081-0",
    number = "1",
    pages = "152-153",
    volume = "5"
}

@article{walker1977copper,
    author = "Walker, G.",
    title = "?Copper? granules in the barnacle Balanus balanoides",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Marine Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00391937",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00391937",
    number = "4",
    pages = "343-349",
    volume = "39"
}

@article{kendall1982settlement,
    author = "Kendall, M.A. and Bowman, R.S. and Williamson, P. and Lewis, J.R.",
    title = "Settlement patterns, density and stability in the barnacle balanus balanoides",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Netherlands Journal of Sea Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(82)90023-0",
    doi = "10.1016/0077-7579(82)90023-0",
    pages = "119-126",
    volume = "16"
}

Hatching substance has been extracted from the barnacle, Balanus balanoides, and partly purified by thin layer chromatography. Several lines of evidence indicate that hatching substance is a prosta-glandin. First, the compound is extracted by a prostaglandin extraction procedure. Secondly, a fraction isolated from the dried cortex of the gorgonian coral, Plexaura homomalla, which stimulates barnacle eggs to hatch, co-migrates with hatching substance on thin layer chroma­tography plates. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), which blocks the enzymic production of prostaglandins, prevents the formation of hatching substance. In contrast, indomethacin, which is a potent inhibitor of the mammalian cyclo­-oxygenase, is without effect on the biosynthesis of hatching substance. Dopamine mimics the effect of hatching substance between the concentrations of 2.5 x 10-3 M and 8.4 x 10-5 M. Although dopamine is not the hatching substance per se, it is possible that this compound is implicated in the hatching process.

@article{clare1985the,
    author = "Clare, A. S. and Walker, G. and Holland, D. L. and Crisp, Dennis John",
    title = "The hatching substance of the barnacle, balanus balanoides (L.)",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Hatching substance has been extracted from the barnacle, Balanus balanoides, and partly purified by thin layer chromatography. Several lines of evidence indicate that hatching substance is a prosta-glandin. First, the compound is extracted by a prostaglandin extraction procedure. Secondly, a fraction isolated from the dried cortex of the gorgonian coral, Plexaura homomalla, which stimulates barnacle eggs to hatch, co-migrates with hatching substance on thin layer chroma­tography plates. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), which blocks the enzymic production of prostaglandins, prevents the formation of hatching substance. In contrast, indomethacin, which is a potent inhibitor of the mammalian cyclo­-oxygenase, is without effect on the biosynthesis of hatching substance. Dopamine mimics the effect of hatching substance between the concentrations of 2.5 x 10-3 M and 8.4 x 10-5 M. Although dopamine is not the hatching substance per se, it is possible that this compound is implicated in the hatching process.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1985.0026",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.1985.0026",
    number = "1235",
    pages = "131-147",
    volume = "224"
}

@inproceedings{paul1987predation3,
    author = "Paul, G. S",
    title = "Predation in the Meat Eating Dinosaurs, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 173-178",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Paul, G. S., 1987, Predation in the Meat Eating Dinosaurs, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems: Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 173-178.}"
}

@article{yamamoto1992polypeptide,
    author = "Yamamoto, Hiroyuki and Nagai, Akira",
    title = "Polypeptide models of the arthropodin protein of the barnacle Balanus balanoides",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Marine Chemistry",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(92)90061-e",
    doi = "10.1016/0304-4203(92)90061-e",
    number = "1-2",
    pages = "131-143",
    volume = "37"
}