Punctuated equilibrium

@misc{eldredge1972punctuated2,
    author = "Eldredge, N. and Gould, S. J",
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism, in Schopf, T. M., ed., Models in Paleobiology: San Francisco, Freeman, Cooper, \& Co., p. 82-115; 250 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., and Gould, S. J., 1972, Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism, in Schopf, T. M., ed., Models in Paleobiology: San Francisco, Freeman, Cooper, \& Co., p. 82-115; 250 pp.}"
}

@misc{eldredge1972punctuated3,
    author = "Eldredge, N. and Gould, S. J",
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism, in Eldredge, N., ed., Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium (1985): New York, Simon and Schuster, p. 193-223",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., and Gould, S. J., 1972, Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism, in Eldredge, N., ed., Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium (1985): New York, Simon and Schuster, p. 193-223.}"
}

@misc{gould1977punctuated5,
    author = "Gould, S. J. and Eldredge, N",
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered: Paleobiology, v. 3, p. 115-151",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., and Eldredge, N., 1977, Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered: Paleobiology, v. 3, p. 115-151.}"
}

@misc{stanley1978chronospecies7,
    author = "Stanley, S. M",
    title = "Chronospecies' longevities, the origin of genera, and the punctuational model of evolution",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Paleobiology, v. 4, p. 26-40",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stanley, S. M., 1978, Chronospecies' longevities, the origin of genera, and the punctuational model of evolution: Paleobiology, v. 4, p. 26-40.}"
}

@article{lindsay1982punctuated,
    author = "Lindsay, D.W.",
    title = "Punctuated equilibria and punctuated environments",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/296611a0",
    doi = "10.1038/296611a0",
    number = "5858",
    pages = "611-611",
    volume = "296"
}

@article{rhodes1983gradualism,
    author = "Rhodes, Frank H.T.",
    title = "Gradualism, punctuated equilibrium and the Origin of Species",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/305269a0",
    doi = "10.1038/305269a0",
    number = "5932",
    pages = "269-272",
    volume = "305"
}

@book{gould1984toward4,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Toward the Vindication of Punctuational Change, in Berggren, W. A., and Van Couvering, J. A., eds., Catastrophes and Earth History",
    year = "1984",
    publisher = "The New Uniformitarianism: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, p. 9-34",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1984, Toward the Vindication of Punctuational Change, in Berggren, W. A., and Van Couvering, J. A., eds., Catastrophes and Earth History: The New Uniformitarianism: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, p. 9-34.}"
}

@misc{eldredge1985time1,
    author = "Eldredge, N",
    title = "Time Frames",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria: New York, Simon and Schuster",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., 1985, Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria: New York, Simon and Schuster.}"
}

@misc{sonleitner1987the6,
    author = "Sonleitner, F. J",
    title = "The Origin of Species by Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Creation/Evolution, v. 20, p. 24-30",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sonleitner, F. J., 1987, The Origin of Species by Punctuated Equilibria: Creation/Evolution, v. 20, p. 24-30.}"
}

@article{lieberman2008punctuated,
    author = "Lieberman, Bruce and Eldredge, Niles",
    title = "Punctuated equilibria",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Scholarpedia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.3806",
    doi = "10.4249/scholarpedia.3806",
    number = "1",
    pages = "3806",
    volume = "3"
}

Explaining the origin and maintenance of biodiversity is critical for understanding the potential consequences of present-day environmental change on ecological communities, as well as the evolutionary history of ecosystems in the Earth's past. Much effort in theoretical ecology has focused on identifying mechanisms that promote stable coexistence of species at equilibrium. However, in a consumer-resource model of competition along an environmental gradient, high-diversity assemblages have the potential to persist in non-equilibrium states for millions of generations with very little species loss. Species' populations in such competitively accommodated communities show slow drift; if disrupted, they rapidly reorganize into alternative persistent states. Fossil examples of prolonged ecological stability lasting 1-5 Myr punctuated by rapid reorganization (e.g. brachiopods from the Permian Reef of west Texas) suggest that some palaeocommunities represent a record of periodically disrupted transient states rather than stable equilibria. The similarity between the theoretical results reported here and palaeontological data suggests that the maintenance of high-diversity communities, both in the past and present, may reflect long-duration, non-equilibrium transient dynamics. If so, this has implications for the response of such communities to present-day environmental change, as well as for the evolution of lineages in such systems.

@article{doi101098rspb20110936,
    author = "Olszewski, Thomas D",
    title = "Persistence of high diversity in non-equilibrium ecological communities: implications for modern and fossil ecosystems.",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Proceedings. Biological sciences",
    abstract = "Explaining the origin and maintenance of biodiversity is critical for understanding the potential consequences of present-day environmental change on ecological communities, as well as the evolutionary history of ecosystems in the Earth's past. Much effort in theoretical ecology has focused on identifying mechanisms that promote stable coexistence of species at equilibrium. However, in a consumer-resource model of competition along an environmental gradient, high-diversity assemblages have the potential to persist in non-equilibrium states for millions of generations with very little species loss. Species' populations in such competitively accommodated communities show slow drift; if disrupted, they rapidly reorganize into alternative persistent states. Fossil examples of prolonged ecological stability lasting 1-5 Myr punctuated by rapid reorganization (e.g. brachiopods from the Permian Reef of west Texas) suggest that some palaeocommunities represent a record of periodically disrupted transient states rather than stable equilibria. The similarity between the theoretical results reported here and palaeontological data suggests that the maintenance of high-diversity communities, both in the past and present, may reflect long-duration, non-equilibrium transient dynamics. If so, this has implications for the response of such communities to present-day environmental change, as well as for the evolution of lineages in such systems.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3223685/",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2011.0936",
    pmcid = "PMC3223685",
    pmid = "21653592"
}

@misc{crossref2014punctuated,
    title = "PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIA",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Environmental Change",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446247501.n3149",
    doi = "10.4135/9781446247501.n3149"
}

@incollection{eldredge2015punctuated,
    author = "Eldredge, Niles",
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "Eternal Ephemera",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231153164.003.0006",
    doi = "10.7312/columbia/9780231153164.003.0006",
    pages = "219-276"
}

@incollection{crossref2021punctuated,
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0\_161119",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0\_161119",
    pages = "1115-1115"
}

@inproceedings{andnewman2022punctuated,
    author = "Newman, Stuart",
    title = "PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIA AND THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENT",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-377247",
    doi = "10.1130/abs/2022am-377247"
}

@incollection{crossref2025punctuated,
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "2025",
    booktitle = "Punctuated Equilibria and Sino-American Relations",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009634502.003",
    doi = "10.1017/9781009634502.003",
    pages = "20-53"
}