Radioactivity

@article{cairns1935production,
    author = "Cairns, J. E. I.",
    title = "Production of Induced Radioactivity by the Cosmic Radiation",
    year = "1935",
    journal = "Physical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.47.631",
    doi = "10.1103/physrev.47.631",
    number = "8",
    pages = "631-631",
    volume = "47"
}

@article{mclennan1935production,
    author = "McLENNAN, J. C. and GRIMMETT, L. G. and READ, J.",
    title = "Production of Radioactivity by Neutrons",
    year = "1935",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/135505a0",
    doi = "10.1038/135505a0",
    number = "3413",
    pages = "505-505",
    volume = "135"
}

Present estimates of the neutron‐intensity associated with the cosmic radiation are obtained from experiments using several techniques, namely, proportional counters, ionization‐chambers, induced radioactivity, and photographic plates [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]. The various techniques can be shown to give results which are in order‐of‐magnitude agreement and permit evaluation of the rate of production of neutrons in the atmosphere. This is found to be roughly 5 × 10 ‐2 per gram per second at the level corresponding to two meters of water‐equivalent below the top of the atmosphere. Recently it has been found that the rate of production of protons [2] as measured by proportional counters, cloud‐chambers, and photographic plates is of the same order of magnitude as that of the neutrons.

@article{crossref1941the,
    title = "The production of neutrons by the cosmic radiation",
    year = "1941",
    journal = "Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union",
    abstract = "Present estimates of the neutron‐intensity associated with the cosmic radiation are obtained from experiments using several techniques, namely, proportional counters, ionization‐chambers, induced radioactivity, and photographic plates [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]. The various techniques can be shown to give results which are in order‐of‐magnitude agreement and permit evaluation of the rate of production of neutrons in the atmosphere. This is found to be roughly 5 × 10 ‐2 per gram per second at the level corresponding to two meters of water‐equivalent below the top of the atmosphere. Recently it has been found that the rate of production of protons [2] as measured by proportional counters, cloud‐chambers, and photographic plates is of the same order of magnitude as that of the neutrons.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/tr022i002p00453-2",
    doi = "10.1029/tr022i002p00453-2",
    number = "2",
    pages = "453-454",
    volume = "22"
}

@article{korff1941the,
    author = "Korff, S.A.",
    title = "The production of neutrons by the cosmic radiation",
    year = "1941",
    journal = "Journal of the Franklin Institute",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-0032(41)90077-7",
    doi = "10.1016/s0016-0032(41)90077-7",
    number = "5",
    pages = "497",
    volume = "232"
}

@article{korff1946the,
    author = "Korff, S. A. and Hamermesh, B.",
    title = "The Multiple Production of Neutrons by Cosmic Radiation",
    year = "1946",
    journal = "Physical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.70.429.2",
    doi = "10.1103/physrev.70.429.2",
    number = "5-6",
    pages = "429-429",
    volume = "70"
}

The discovery of neutrons produced by the cosmic radiation is reviewed, and the evidence today available is summarized. The life history of a neutron in the atmosphere is discussed, as is its eventual capture to form radiocarbon. The latitude effect and altitude dependence are presented. Some of the possible production-processes are discussed.

@article{korff1951cosmicray,
    author = "Korff, Serge A.",
    title = "Cosmic-Ray Neutrons",
    year = "1951",
    journal = "American Journal of Physics",
    abstract = "The discovery of neutrons produced by the cosmic radiation is reviewed, and the evidence today available is summarized. The life history of a neutron in the atmosphere is discussed, as is its eventual capture to form radiocarbon. The latitude effect and altitude dependence are presented. Some of the possible production-processes are discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1932778",
    doi = "10.1119/1.1932778",
    number = "4",
    pages = "226-229",
    volume = "19"
}

The rate of production of carbon 14 by cosmic‐ray neutrons is calculated by multigroup diffusion theory as a function of altitude, latitude, and time, and it is normalized to absolute cosmic‐ray neutron flux measurements. The global average production rate over the last ten solar cycles is found to be 2.50 ± 0.50 carbon 14 atoms per square centimeter per second. This value is compared with recent estimates of the decay rate of 1.8 ± 0.2 and 1.9 ± 0.2, and some of the possible implications are discussed.

@article{lingenfelter1963production,
    author = "Lingenfelter, R. E.",
    title = "Production of carbon 14 by cosmic‐ray neutrons",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
    abstract = "The rate of production of carbon 14 by cosmic‐ray neutrons is calculated by multigroup diffusion theory as a function of altitude, latitude, and time, and it is normalized to absolute cosmic‐ray neutron flux measurements. The global average production rate over the last ten solar cycles is found to be 2.50 ± 0.50 carbon 14 atoms per square centimeter per second. This value is compared with recent estimates of the decay rate of 1.8 ± 0.2 and 1.9 ± 0.2, and some of the possible implications are discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/rg001i001p00035",
    doi = "10.1029/rg001i001p00035",
    number = "1",
    pages = "35-55",
    volume = "1"
}

@article{lingenfelter1963production2,
    author = "Lingenfelter, R. E",
    title = "Production of carbon 14 by cosmic ray neutrons",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics, v. 1, no. 1, p. 35-55",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lingenfelter, R. E., 1963, Production of carbon 14 by cosmic ray neutrons: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 1, no. 1, p. 35-55.}"
}

@article{feige1968production,
    author = "Feige, Y. and Oltman, B. G. and Kastner, J.",
    title = "Production rates of neutrons in soils due to natural radioactivity",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jb073i010p03135",
    doi = "10.1029/jb073i010p03135",
    number = "10",
    pages = "3135-3142",
    volume = "73"
}

@misc{grootes1978carbon141,
    author = "Grootes, P. M",
    title = "Carbon-14 time scale extended",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "comparison of chronologies: Science, v. 200, p. 11-21",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Grootes, P. M., 1978, Carbon-14 time scale extended: comparison of chronologies: Science, v. 200, p. 11-21.}"
}