Reef massifs

P art I.—R emarks on the G eographical C onditions of the C ambrian S ystem. I. Introduction.—Some of the following statements, and the conclusions to which they have given rise, were originally intended to refer, in chief, to the presence or absence of organic remains in the Cambrian rocks; but led on by points of interest that gradually presented themselves, the inquiry has been conducted further than was at first anticipated. I may perhaps be allowed, for the present, to take for granted that the Cambrian of Western Europe passes conformably upwards into the Silurian series, with certain changes introduced by altered conditions. Usually these two sets of rocks are mutually conformable, and pass into each other, sometimes by insensible gradations*. It is also true that their unconformity is very frequent, from the local operation of plutonic forces. I shall not stop now to bring forward proofs of these several assertions. I have given as a Table a synoptical list of all the Cambrian deposits known to me, and also other Tables of some use. On these Tables is grounded much of what is advanced in this paper. II. Characters of the Cambrian.—The Cambrian formation is so varied in its particulars, and so familiar as a whole, that a definition of it need not be attempted. We find in it, however, the following characters:— § 1. In Northern and Western Europe alone (or nearly alone) it consists principally of purple and black clay-slates, often chloritic and micaceous, together with conglomerates, grits, and sandstones, placed almost

@article{bigsby1863on,
    author = "Bigsby, J. J.",
    title = "On the Cambrian and Huronian Formations",
    year = "1863",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London",
    abstract = "P art I.—R emarks on the G eographical C onditions of the C ambrian S ystem. I. Introduction.—Some of the following statements, and the conclusions to which they have given rise, were originally intended to refer, in chief, to the presence or absence of organic remains in the Cambrian rocks; but led on by points of interest that gradually presented themselves, the inquiry has been conducted further than was at first anticipated. I may perhaps be allowed, for the present, to take for granted that the Cambrian of Western Europe passes conformably upwards into the Silurian series, with certain changes introduced by altered conditions. Usually these two sets of rocks are mutually conformable, and pass into each other, sometimes by insensible gradations*. It is also true that their unconformity is very frequent, from the local operation of plutonic forces. I shall not stop now to bring forward proofs of these several assertions. I have given as a Table a synoptical list of all the Cambrian deposits known to me, and also other Tables of some use. On these Tables is grounded much of what is advanced in this paper. II. Characters of the Cambrian.—The Cambrian formation is so varied in its particulars, and so familiar as a whole, that a definition of it need not be attempted. We find in it, however, the following characters:— § 1. In Northern and Western Europe alone (or nearly alone) it consists principally of purple and black clay-slates, often chloritic and micaceous, together with conglomerates, grits, and sandstones, placed almost",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1863.019.01-02.09",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.jgs.1863.019.01-02.09",
    number = "1-2",
    pages = "36-52",
    volume = "19"
}

@article{walcott1899precambrian,
    author = "Walcott, C. D.",
    title = "Pre-Cambrian fossiliferous formations",
    year = "1899",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/gsab-10-199",
    doi = "10.1130/gsab-10-199",
    number = "1",
    pages = "199-244",
    volume = "10"
}

@article{dorf1940upper,
    author = "DORF, E. and LOCHMAN, C.",
    title = "Upper Cambrian formations in southern Montana",
    year = "1940",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/gsab-51-541",
    doi = "10.1130/gsab-51-541",
    number = "4",
    pages = "541-556",
    volume = "51"
}

@article{bruce1945precambrian,
    author = "BRUCE, E. L.",
    title = "PRE-CAMBRIAN IRON FORMATIONS",
    year = "1945",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56[589:pif]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56[589:pif]2.0.co;2",
    number = "6",
    pages = "589",
    volume = "56"
}

@article{bloomer1950late,
    author = "Bloomer, R. O.",
    title = "Late pre-Cambrian or Lower Cambrian formations in central Virginia",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.248.11.753",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.248.11.753",
    number = "11",
    pages = "753-783",
    volume = "248"
}

@article{fermor1950precambrian,
    author = "Fermor, L. L.",
    title = "Pre-Cambrian Formations of India",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800076676",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800076676",
    number = "2",
    pages = "140-144",
    volume = "87"
}

@article{holmes1950precambrian,
    author = "Holmes, Arthur",
    title = "Pre-Cambrian Formations of India",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800076986",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800076986",
    number = "3",
    pages = "227-228",
    volume = "87"
}

@misc{postnikov1964about1,
    author = "Postnikov, V. G. and Postnikova, I. Y",
    title = "About the possibilities of reef formations in lower Cambrian deposits in Markovskaya reconnaissance area (Irkutskii region)",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "Academy of Sciences of the USSR Reports, v. 158, no. 3, p. 605-608; English translation by American Geological Institute, 1965, Academy of Science, USSR Reports, v.158, p. 57-59",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Postnikov, V. G., and Postnikova, I. Y., 1964, About the possibilities of reef formations in lower Cambrian deposits in Markovskaya reconnaissance area (Irkutskii region): Academy of Sciences of the USSR Reports, v. 158, no. 3, p. 605-608; English translation by American Geological Institute, 1965, Academy of Science, USSR Reports, v.158, p. 57-59.}"
}

@article{zapivalov1981identifying,
    author = "Zapivalov, N. P. and Pekhfereva, I. A. and Serdyuk, Z. Ya. and Shmatalyuk, G. F.",
    title = "Identifying and mapping Paleozoic reef massifs in Western Siberia",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "International Geology Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00206818109450978",
    doi = "10.1080/00206818109450978",
    number = "8",
    pages = "956-962",
    volume = "23"
}

@article{zapivalov1981identifying2,
    author = "Zapivalov, N. P. and Pekhtereva, I. A. and Serdyuk, Z. Y. and Shmatalyuk, G. F",
    title = "Identifying and mapping Paleozoic reef massifs in western Siberia",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "International Geology Review, v. 23, p. 956-962",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Zapivalov, N. P., Pekhtereva, I. A., Serdyuk, Z. Y., and Shmatalyuk, G. F., 1981, Identifying and mapping Paleozoic reef massifs in western Siberia: International Geology Review, v. 23, p. 956-962.}"
}

@incollection{zharkov1984cambrian,
    author = "Zharkov, Michail A.",
    title = "Cambrian Salt Deposits",
    year = "1984",
    booktitle = "Paleozoic Salt Bearing Formations of the World",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69543-8\_3",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-642-69543-8\_3",
    pages = "15-59"
}

@incollection{zhuravlev2001paleoecology,
    author = "Zhuravlev, Andrey Yu.",
    title = "Paleoecology of Cambrian Reef Ecosystems",
    year = "2001",
    booktitle = "Topics in Geobiology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1219-6\_4",
    doi = "10.1007/978-1-4615-1219-6\_4",
    pages = "121-157"
}