Regional geology

This article contains a discussion of the stratigraphy of the surface and subsurface formations found in North Dakota and South Dakota. There is a structure map contoured on the top of the Dakota sandstone. The periods of tilting and folding are discussed, with the evidence for these structural deformations. Three cross sections further explain the structure and geologic history. Paleogeologic maps for the pre-Cretaceous and the pre-Pennsylvanian surfaces are shown. Two isopach maps are included to show that in pre-Pennsylvanian time there was an anticline with 200–300 feet of closure in the Black Hills area. The possible oil- and gas-producing zones of North and South Dakota are discussed and compared with the sands producing oil or gas in the surrounding area.

@article{ballard1942regional,
    author = "Ballard, Norval",
    title = "Regional Geology of Dakota Basin",
    year = "1942",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "This article contains a discussion of the stratigraphy of the surface and subsurface formations found in North Dakota and South Dakota. There is a structure map contoured on the top of the Dakota sandstone. The periods of tilting and folding are discussed, with the evidence for these structural deformations. Three cross sections further explain the structure and geologic history. Paleogeologic maps for the pre-Cretaceous and the pre-Pennsylvanian surfaces are shown. Two isopach maps are included to show that in pre-Pennsylvanian time there was an anticline with 200–300 feet of closure in the Black Hills area. The possible oil- and gas-producing zones of North and South Dakota are discussed and compared with the sands producing oil or gas in the surrounding area.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/3d93355c-16b1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/3d93355c-16b1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "10",
    pages = "1557-1584",
    volume = "26"
}

@article{crossref1943regional,
    title = "Regional Geology of Dakota Basin: DISCUSSION",
    year = "1943",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/3d933592-16b1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/3d933592-16b1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "1",
    pages = "90-91",
    volume = "27"
}

@misc{jahn1960czwartorzed1,
    author = "Jahn, A",
    title = {Czwartorzed Sudetow. "Regionalna geologia Polski" [III ed.]},
    year = "1960",
    howpublished = "Krakow, Polski Instytut Geologia, v. 2",
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jahn, A., 1960, Czwartorzed Sudetow. "Regionalna geologia Polski" [III ed.]: Krakow, Polski Instytut Geologia, v. 2.}}
}

@misc{teisseyre1960trzeciorzed2,
    author = "Teisseyre, H",
    title = "Trzeciorzed w Sudetech i na ich polonocnowschodnim przedpolu. Rozwoj budowy geologicznej Sudetow od prekambru po trzeciorzed [III ed.]",
    year = "1960",
    howpublished = "Krakow, Pol. Inst. Geol., v. 2",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Teisseyre, H., 1960, Trzeciorzed w Sudetech i na ich polonocnowschodnim przedpolu. Rozwoj budowy geologicznej Sudetow od prekambru po trzeciorzed [III ed.]: Krakow, Pol. Inst. Geol., v. 2.}"
}

The Delaware basin of West Texas has a long, complex history and the events that occurred during this great period of time are related to the present economic conditions of West Texas. Geological history in the area presently occupied by the Permian Basin began with gentle tectonic movements and shallow seas during Cambrian and Lower Ordovician time and reached a peak of activity during late Pennsylvanian and early Wolfcampian time. Following this period of pronounced activity, the area became relatively quiet; reefing, along with associated back- and fore-reef deposits, came into prominence. In the Delaware basin vicinity, oil acid gas accumulation has been influenced by the environment of deposition of the rocks comprising the geological column and by tectonic movements that have modified sedimentary framework. Faulting and folding are the principal mechanisms for trapping hydrocarbons in the deeper fields of the basin. Shallow accumulations are often controlled by stratigraphic traps. In addition to a trap, a source of hydrocarbons and presence of rock porosity are necessary for the existence of a reservoir. Gas reservoirs in the Devonian and Ellenburger of the Delaware basin are found primarily in fracture porosity while the Wolfcampian and Pennsylvanian conglomerate reservoirs and middle Permian sand accumulations are characterized by intergranular porosity. The true source of hydrocarbons found in these fields is unknown. Possible sources include origin within the reservoir rock and migration from adjacent shale sections. Introduction The Delaware basin of West Texas and southeast New Mexico covers an area about 200 miles long and 100 miles wide. It is a prime example of a large sedimentary basin in which vast amounts Of rock have been deposited. As sedimentary basins in general are important to the petroleum industry of the world, so is the Delaware basin important to the industry of the West Texas-New Mexico area. This prominent geological feature can be expected to attain even greater importance in the future as the quest for oil and gas continues. The growing importance of this significant area is emphasized frequently, especially when the industry notes the ever-increasing number of deep tests announced for the basin and vicinity. The index map of regional structure (Fig. 1) shows the major features that make up the Permian Basin of the southwest United States. The Midland basin on the east and the Delaware basin on the west are separated by the Central basin platform. Both of these basins were areas of deep water during most of Permian time; because of this, they were filled with shales and sandstones deposited in a marine environment. The Central basin platform is an area of Permian reefing that grew over an older structural feature - the West Texas structural platform. South of the Central basin platform is an elongated east-west sedimentary feature called the Sheffield Channel. JPT P. 1260ˆ

@article{cook1966regional,
    author = "Cook, V.O.",
    title = "Regional Geology of the Delaware Basin",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "Journal of Petroleum Technology",
    abstract = "The Delaware basin of West Texas has a long, complex history and the events that occurred during this great period of time are related to the present economic conditions of West Texas. Geological history in the area presently occupied by the Permian Basin began with gentle tectonic movements and shallow seas during Cambrian and Lower Ordovician time and reached a peak of activity during late Pennsylvanian and early Wolfcampian time. Following this period of pronounced activity, the area became relatively quiet; reefing, along with associated back- and fore-reef deposits, came into prominence. In the Delaware basin vicinity, oil acid gas accumulation has been influenced by the environment of deposition of the rocks comprising the geological column and by tectonic movements that have modified sedimentary framework. Faulting and folding are the principal mechanisms for trapping hydrocarbons in the deeper fields of the basin. Shallow accumulations are often controlled by stratigraphic traps. In addition to a trap, a source of hydrocarbons and presence of rock porosity are necessary for the existence of a reservoir. Gas reservoirs in the Devonian and Ellenburger of the Delaware basin are found primarily in fracture porosity while the Wolfcampian and Pennsylvanian conglomerate reservoirs and middle Permian sand accumulations are characterized by intergranular porosity. The true source of hydrocarbons found in these fields is unknown. Possible sources include origin within the reservoir rock and migration from adjacent shale sections. Introduction The Delaware basin of West Texas and southeast New Mexico covers an area about 200 miles long and 100 miles wide. It is a prime example of a large sedimentary basin in which vast amounts Of rock have been deposited. As sedimentary basins in general are important to the petroleum industry of the world, so is the Delaware basin important to the industry of the West Texas-New Mexico area. This prominent geological feature can be expected to attain even greater importance in the future as the quest for oil and gas continues. The growing importance of this significant area is emphasized frequently, especially when the industry notes the ever-increasing number of deep tests announced for the basin and vicinity. The index map of regional structure (Fig. 1) shows the major features that make up the Permian Basin of the southwest United States. The Midland basin on the east and the Delaware basin on the west are separated by the Central basin platform. Both of these basins were areas of deep water during most of Permian time; because of this, they were filled with shales and sandstones deposited in a marine environment. The Central basin platform is an area of Permian reefing that grew over an older structural feature - the West Texas structural platform. South of the Central basin platform is an elongated east-west sedimentary feature called the Sheffield Channel. JPT P. 1260ˆ",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2118/1394-pa",
    doi = "10.2118/1394-pa",
    number = "10",
    pages = "1260-1266",
    volume = "18"
}

@misc{vysotskiy1978prospects3,
    author = "Vysotskiy, I. V. and Larchenkov, Y. P. and Sokolov, B. A",
    title = "Prospects of oil and gas in the southeastern part of Leno-Vilyuyskogo basin",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Geology of Oil and Gas, v. 5, p. 31-35",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Vysotskiy, I. V., Larchenkov, Y. P., and Sokolov, B. A., 1978, Prospects of oil and gas in the southeastern part of Leno-Vilyuyskogo basin: Geology of Oil and Gas, v. 5, p. 31-35.}"
}

@article{bajda2014badania,
    author = "Bajda, Marek and Falkowski, Tomasz",
    title = "Badania geotechniczne w ocenie budowy geologicznej fragmentu Skarpy Warszawskiej w rejonie ulicy Tamka",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Landform Analysis",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.12657/landfana.026.007",
    doi = "10.12657/landfana.026.007",
    pages = "77-84",
    volume = "26"
}

@article{andbajewski2017poprawa,
    author = "Bajewski, Łukasz and Urbaniec, Andrzej and Wilk, Aleksander and Bartoń, Robert",
    title = "Poprawa dokładności odwzorowania budowy geologicznej w obrazie sejsmicznym z obszaru Karpat zewnętrznych",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Nafta-Gaz",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.18668/ng.2017.07.01",
    doi = "10.18668/ng.2017.07.01",
    number = "7",
    pages = "447-454",
    volume = "73"
}

Badania geofizyczne dostarczają przestrzennych informacji o zmienności ośrodka gruntowo-skalnego. Wyniki zastosowania tych metod, także archiwalne, warto wykorzystywać w prowadzonych hydrogeologicznych pracach dokumentacyjnych. Takim przykładem są zrealizowane badania rozpoznawcze w miejscowości Łobodno w północno-zachodniej części Wyżyny Śląsko-Krakowskiej zlokalizowanej w granicach GZWP nr 326 Częstochowa (E). Przeprowadzone tam pionowe sondowania elektrooporowe, korelowane z profilami wierceń umożliwiły m.in.: (i) zwiększenie głębokości rozpoznania z ok. 70 do 100–150 m p.p.t. obejmując czwartorzędowe grunty gliniasto-piaszczyste przykrywające górnojurajski kompleks wapieni zalegających na środkowojurajskich iłach i marglach, (ii) identyfikację głębokości zalegania różnych utworów gruntowo-skalnych wraz z określeniem reliefu ich stropu, (iii) wskazanie zmienności litologiczno-strukturalnej w obrębie tych samych wydzieleń, (iv) lokalizację większych dyslokacji, (v) dokładniejsze opisanie warunków przepływu wód podziemnych.

@incollection{kaczmarek2021reinterpretacja,
    author = "Kaczmarek, Łukasz and Kowalczyk, Sebastian and Mieszkowski, Radosław",
    title = "Reinterpretacja pionierskich badań z wykorzystaniem pionowych sondowań elektrooporowych budowy geologicznej warstwy wodonośnej",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "Wybrane zagadnienia hydrogeologiczne oraz różne aspekty związane z eksploatacją wód podziemnych",
    abstract = "Badania geofizyczne dostarczają przestrzennych informacji o zmienności ośrodka gruntowo-skalnego. Wyniki zastosowania tych metod, także archiwalne, warto wykorzystywać w prowadzonych hydrogeologicznych pracach dokumentacyjnych. Takim przykładem są zrealizowane badania rozpoznawcze w miejscowości Łobodno w północno-zachodniej części Wyżyny Śląsko-Krakowskiej zlokalizowanej w granicach GZWP nr 326 Częstochowa (E). Przeprowadzone tam pionowe sondowania elektrooporowe, korelowane z profilami wierceń umożliwiły m.in.: (i) zwiększenie głębokości rozpoznania z ok. 70 do 100–150 m p.p.t. obejmując czwartorzędowe grunty gliniasto-piaszczyste przykrywające górnojurajski kompleks wapieni zalegających na środkowojurajskich iłach i marglach, (ii) identyfikację głębokości zalegania różnych utworów gruntowo-skalnych wraz z określeniem reliefu ich stropu, (iii) wskazanie zmienności litologiczno-strukturalnej w obrębie tych samych wydzieleń, (iv) lokalizację większych dyslokacji, (v) dokładniejsze opisanie warunków przepływu wód podziemnych.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.18778/8220-655-5.06",
    doi = "10.18778/8220-655-5.06",
    pages = "63-75"
}

@article{karnkowski2024wkład,
    author = "Karnkowski, Paweł H.",
    title = "Wkład profesora Henryka Jurkiewicza w poznanie budowy geologicznej regionu świętokrzyskiego i Ponidzia",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Przegląd Geologiczny",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7306/2024.22",
    doi = "10.7306/2024.22",
    number = "8",
    pages = "399-412",
    volume = "72"
}

@article{metrykatelka2025wpływ,
    author = "Metryka-Telka, Monika",
    title = "Wpływ budowy geologicznej na aktywność 222Rn w wodzie",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "GAZ, WODA I TECHNIKA SANITARNA",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.15199/17.2025.1.4",
    doi = "10.15199/17.2025.1.4",
    number = "1",
    pages = "19-25",
    volume = "1"
}

@incollection{okeke2025regional,
    author = "Okeke, Kachikwulu Kingsley",
    title = "Regional Geology and Basin Evolution",
    year = "2025",
    booktitle = "SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-86716-3\_2",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-031-86716-3\_2",
    pages = "19-28"
}

@article{derkacz2026aktualny,
    author = "Derkacz, Magda and Dzierżek, Jan and Gałązka, Dariusz and Przybylski, Bogusław",
    title = "Aktualny stan rozpoznania budowy geologicznej kraju na Szczegółowej Mapie Geologicznej Polski w skali 1: 50 000",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Przegląd Geologiczny",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7306/2025.118",
    doi = "10.7306/2025.118",
    number = "12",
    pages = "1112-1121",
    volume = "73"
}