Remote sensing

A relatively simple long baseline interferometer (LBI) system, which uses analog tape recorders, is described; it operates at decametric wavelength (26.3 MHz). A base station at Boulder with an array of 76 full‐wave dipoles is used in conjunction with a small, readily portable antenna of sixteen full‐wave dipoles that can be set up at various outlying field sites by two men in less than three hours. Commercial rubidium clocks are employed for timing and for local oscillator signals at each station. Tapes are aligned and data are correlated by an analog multiplier after each run at the base station. The use of pseudo‐random code generators which can be reset and started on a given clock pulse at each station greatly simplifies tape alignment and system calibration.

@article{sargent1970a,
    author = "Sargent, Howard H. and Klemperer, W. K.",
    title = "A Decametric Long Baseline Interferometer System",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "Radio Science",
    abstract = "A relatively simple long baseline interferometer (LBI) system, which uses analog tape recorders, is described; it operates at decametric wavelength (26.3 MHz). A base station at Boulder with an array of 76 full‐wave dipoles is used in conjunction with a small, readily portable antenna of sixteen full‐wave dipoles that can be set up at various outlying field sites by two men in less than three hours. Commercial rubidium clocks are employed for timing and for local oscillator signals at each station. Tapes are aligned and data are correlated by an analog multiplier after each run at the base station. The use of pseudo‐random code generators which can be reset and started on a given clock pulse at each station greatly simplifies tape alignment and system calibration.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/rs005i010p01283",
    doi = "10.1029/rs005i010p01283",
    number = "10",
    pages = "1283-1286",
    volume = "5"
}

@incollection{moran197653,
    author = "Moran, J.M.",
    title = "5.3. Very Long Baseline Interferometer Systems",
    year = "1976",
    booktitle = "Methods in Experimental Physics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-695x(08)60709-7",
    doi = "10.1016/s0076-695x(08)60709-7",
    pages = "174-197"
}

@article{shao1977long,
    author = "Shao, Michael and Staelin, David H.",
    title = "Long- baseline optical interferometer for astrometry",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Journal of the Optical Society of America",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.67.000081",
    doi = "10.1364/josa.67.000081",
    number = "1",
    pages = "81",
    volume = "67"
}

@article{christodoulidis1985observing2,
    author = "Christodoulidis, D. C. and Smith, D. E. and Kelenkiewicz, R. and Klosko, S. M. and Dunn, P. J",
    title = "Observing plate motions and deformations from satellite lasar ranging",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 9249-9263",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Christodoulidis, D. C., Smith, D. E., Kelenkiewicz, R., Klosko, S. M., and Dunn, P. J., 1985, Observing plate motions and deformations from satellite lasar ranging: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 9249-9263.}"
}

@misc{carter1986studying1,
    author = "Carter, W. E. and Robertson, D. D",
    title = "Studying the earth by very-long- baseline interferometer",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Scientific American, v. 255, no. 5, p. 46-54",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Carter, W. E., and Robertson, D. D., 1986, Studying the earth by very-long- baseline interferometer: Scientific American, v. 255, no. 5, p. 46-54.}"
}

The infrared spatial interferometer (ISI) is a high-resolution aperture synthesis imaging system for the 10- μ m region located at Mt. Wilson Observatory since Jan. 1988. The compactness of the novel-design Pfund telescopes allows all optics and electronics to be mounted in two semitrailers. 1,2 Each of the two telescopes consists of a fixed f /3.14 parabolic mirror with 1.65-m aperture and a 2-m diam flat mirror in an altaz fork mount, which tracks the source. Hererodyne detection is achieved using LN 2 cooled HgCdTe photodiodes and phase-locked CO 2 laser local oscillators. The quantum efficiency including telescope transmission losses is ~25%, and the IF passband is 200–2000 MHz. Phase fluctuations on the LO signal caused by the atmosphere between the telescopes are compensated with a path length control system. As in many radio interferometers the fringes are stopped with a lobe rotator acting on the LO system. Correlation of the received signals over the IF passband is maintained with an IF delay line. A newly costructed He–Ne laser metrology system ensures that the telescopes can be pointed to a precision of ~0.01 sec of arc. Critical internal distances can also be monitored with this system. In addition the telescopes are equipped with conventional optical encoders. Although designed for baselines up to 1000 m, the initial range is 4–35 m yielding angular resolutions of 0.25–0.03 sec of arc.

@inproceedings{bester1988longbaseline,
    author = "Bester, Manfred and Danchi, W. C. and Townes, Charles H.",
    title = "Long-baseline infrared spatial interferometer",
    year = "1988",
    booktitle = "Annual Meeting Optical Society of America",
    abstract = "The infrared spatial interferometer (ISI) is a high-resolution aperture synthesis imaging system for the 10- μ m region located at Mt. Wilson Observatory since Jan. 1988. The compactness of the novel-design Pfund telescopes allows all optics and electronics to be mounted in two semitrailers. 1,2 Each of the two telescopes consists of a fixed f /3.14 parabolic mirror with 1.65-m aperture and a 2-m diam flat mirror in an altaz fork mount, which tracks the source. Hererodyne detection is achieved using LN 2 cooled HgCdTe photodiodes and phase-locked CO 2 laser local oscillators. The quantum efficiency including telescope transmission losses is \textasciitilde 25\%, and the IF passband is 200–2000 MHz. Phase fluctuations on the LO signal caused by the atmosphere between the telescopes are compensated with a path length control system. As in many radio interferometers the fringes are stopped with a lobe rotator acting on the LO system. Correlation of the received signals over the IF passband is maintained with an IF delay line. A newly costructed He–Ne laser metrology system ensures that the telescopes can be pointed to a precision of \textasciitilde 0.01 sec of arc. Critical internal distances can also be monitored with this system. In addition the telescopes are equipped with conventional optical encoders. Although designed for baselines up to 1000 m, the initial range is 4–35 m yielding angular resolutions of 0.25–0.03 sec of arc.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.wc2",
    doi = "10.1364/oam.1988.wc2",
    pages = "WC2"
}

@incollection{yen1988the,
    author = "Yen, J. L. and Leone, P. and Watson, G. A. and Wiedfeldt, R. and Zao, J. and Cannon, W. H. and Mathieu, P. and Tan, H. and Popelar, J. and Gait, J. A.",
    title = "The Canadian Geophysical Long Baseline Interferometer",
    year = "1988",
    booktitle = "The Impact of VLBI on Astrophysics and Geophysics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2949-4\_160",
    doi = "10.1007/978-94-009-2949-4\_160",
    pages = "489-490"
}

@article{takahashi2002very,
    author = "Takahashi, F. and Kondo, T. and Takahashi, Y. and Koyama, Y.",
    title = "Very long baseline interferometer",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1109/maes.2002.1028083",
    doi = "10.1109/maes.2002.1028083",
    number = "8",
    pages = "43-44",
    volume = "17"
}

@incollection{dicati2017earth,
    author = "Dicati, Renato",
    title = "Earth Remote Sensing",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "Stamping the Earth from Space",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20756-8\_8",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-319-20756-8\_8",
    pages = "293-359"
}

@inproceedings{fateyev2021longfocus,
    author = "Fateyev, V. V. and Polynkov, A. V. and Kuleshov, A. V.",
    title = "Long-focus optoelectronic systems for Earth remote sensing",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "AIP Conference Proceedings",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0035872",
    doi = "10.1063/5.0035872",
    pages = "170001",
    volume = "2318"
}

@inproceedings{goutouleNonelarge,
    author = "Goutoule, J.-M. and De Boer, F.",
    title = "Large interferometer antennas synthesised by satellites in formation for Earth remote sensing",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2000.861730",
    doi = "10.1109/igarss.2000.861730",
    pages = "869-870",
    volume = "2"
}