South america

@article{broom1905on,
    author = "Broom, R.",
    title = "ON A NEW CYNODONT REPTILE (ÆLUROSUCHUS BROWNI)",
    year = "1905",
    journal = "Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/21560382.1905.9526074",
    doi = "10.1080/21560382.1905.9526074",
    number = "1",
    pages = "376-378",
    volume = "16"
}

A diagnostic mammalian character is jaw articulation between squamosal and dentary bones, replacing the quadrate-articular joint of reptiles. A newly discovered Argentinian Middle Triassic form shows, for the first time in an ancestral reptile, definite evidence of a squamosal-dentary articulation supplementary to the persistent primitive connection.

@article{romer1969cynodont,
    author = "Romer, Alfred Sherwood",
    title = "Cynodont Reptile with Incipient Mammalian Jaw Articulation",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "A diagnostic mammalian character is jaw articulation between squamosal and dentary bones, replacing the quadrate-articular joint of reptiles. A newly discovered Argentinian Middle Triassic form shows, for the first time in an ancestral reptile, definite evidence of a squamosal-dentary articulation supplementary to the persistent primitive connection.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3907.881",
    doi = "10.1126/science.166.3907.881",
    number = "3907",
    pages = "881-882",
    volume = "166"
}

@misc{romer1969the4,
    author = "Romer, A. S",
    title = "The Chaares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna V. A new chiniquodontid cynodont, Probolesodon lewisi - Cynodont ancestry",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "Breviora, v. 333, p. 1-24",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Romer, A. S., 1969, The Chaares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna V. A new chiniquodontid cynodont, Probolesodon lewisi - Cynodont ancestry: Breviora, v. 333, p. 1-24.}"
}

@misc{cody1970chilean1,
    author = "Cody, M. L",
    title = "Chilean bird distribution",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Ecology, v. 51, p. 455-463",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cody, M. L., 1970, Chilean bird distribution: Ecology, v. 51, p. 455-463.}"
}

@misc{jenkins1970the3,
    author = "Jenkins, F. A. and Jr",
    title = "The Chaares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna VII. The postcranial skeleton of the traversodontid Massetognathus pascuali(Therapsida, Cynodontia)",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Breviora, v. 352, p. 1-28",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jenkins, F. A., Jr., 1970, The Chaares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna VII. The postcranial skeleton of the traversodontid Massetognathus pascuali(Therapsida, Cynodontia): Breviora, v. 352, p. 1-28.}"
}

@misc{romer1970the5,
    author = "Romer, A. S",
    title = "The Chaares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna VI. A chiniquodont cynodont with an incipient squamosal-dentary jaw articulation",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Breviora, v. 344, p. 1-18",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Romer, A. S., 1970, The Chaares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna VI. A chiniquodont cynodont with an incipient squamosal-dentary jaw articulation: Breviora, v. 344, p. 1-18.}"
}

@misc{gagnier1986first2,
    author = "Gagnier, P.-Y. and Blieck, A. R. M. and Rodrigo, G",
    title = "First Ordovician vertebrate from South America",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Geobios, v. 19, p. 629-634",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gagnier, P.-Y., Blieck, A. R. M., and Rodrigo, G., 1986, First Ordovician vertebrate from South America: Geobios, v. 19, p. 629-634.}"
}

@article{martinez1996a,
    author = "Martinez, Ricardo N. and May, Cathleen L. and Forster, Catherine A.",
    title = "A new carnivorous cynodont from the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic, Argentina), with comments on eucynodont phylogeny",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1996.10011314",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1996.10011314",
    number = "2",
    pages = "271-284",
    volume = "16"
}

@article{abdala2009a,
    author = "Abdala, Fernando and Smith, Roger M. H.",
    title = "A Middle Triassic cynodont fauna from Namibia and its implications for the biogeography of Gondwana",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/039.029.0303",
    doi = "10.1671/039.029.0303",
    number = "3",
    pages = "837-851",
    volume = "29"
}

@article{crossref2010cphi,
    title = "CPHI SOUTH AMERICA - ARGENTINA",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Chemical \& Engineering News Archive",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v088n032.ibc",
    doi = "10.1021/cen-v088n032.ibc",
    number = "32",
    pages = "ibc",
    volume = "88"
}

@article{bentosoares2011a,
    author = "Bento Soares, Marina and Abdala, Fernando and Bertoni-Machado, Cristina",
    title = "A sectorial toothed cynodont (Therapsida) from the Triassic Santa Cruz do Sul fauna, Santa Maria Formation, Southern Brazil",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Geodiversitas",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5252/g2011n2a4",
    doi = "10.5252/g2011n2a4",
    number = "2",
    pages = "265-278",
    volume = "33"
}

Probainognathia is a derived lineage of cynodonts which encompass Mammalia as their crown-group. The profuse record of probainognathians from the Carnian of Argentina contrasts with their Norian representation, with only one named species. Here we describe a new probainognathian, Tessellatia bonapartei gen. et sp. nov., from the Norian Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of Argentina. The new taxon, represented by a partial cranium with articulated lower jaws, was analyzed through neutron and X-rays micro-tomography (µCT). The high-resolution neutron µCT data allowed the identification of a unique character state combination, including features inaccessible through traditional techniques. We constructed the largest phylogenetic data-matrix of non-mammalian cynodonts. The new species and its sister-taxon, the Brazilian Therioherpeton, are recovered as probainognathians, closely related to Mammaliamorpha. We conducted the first quantitative paleobiogeographic analysis of non-mammalian cynodonts, focusing in probainognathians. The results indicate that Probainognathia and Mammaliamorpha originated in Brazil, which was an important center of diversification during the Triassic. Finally, China is identified as the ancestral area of Mammaliaformes. These new findings, besides adding to the knowledge of the poorly represented Norian cynodonts from the Los Colorados Formation, are significant to improve our understanding of probainognathian diversity, evolution, and paleobiogeographic history.

@misc{gaetano2021a,
    author = "GAETANO, L. C. and ABDALA, F. and SEOANE, F. D. and TARTAGLIONE, A. and SCHULZ, M. and OTERO, A. and LEARDI, J. M. and APALDETTI, C. and KRAPOVICKAS, V. and STEINBACH, E.",
    title = "A New Cynodont from the Late Triassic Los Colorados Formation (Argentina, South America) Reveals a Novel Paleobiogeographic Context for Mammalian Ancestors",
    year = "2021",
    abstract = "Probainognathia is a derived lineage of cynodonts which encompass Mammalia as their crown-group. The profuse record of probainognathians from the Carnian of Argentina contrasts with their Norian representation, with only one named species. Here we describe a new probainognathian, Tessellatia bonapartei gen. et sp. nov., from the Norian Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of Argentina. The new taxon, represented by a partial cranium with articulated lower jaws, was analyzed through neutron and X-rays micro-tomography (µCT). The high-resolution neutron µCT data allowed the identification of a unique character state combination, including features inaccessible through traditional techniques. We constructed the largest phylogenetic data-matrix of non-mammalian cynodonts. The new species and its sister-taxon, the Brazilian Therioherpeton, are recovered as probainognathians, closely related to Mammaliamorpha. We conducted the first quantitative paleobiogeographic analysis of non-mammalian cynodonts, focusing in probainognathians. The results indicate that Probainognathia and Mammaliamorpha originated in Brazil, which was an important center of diversification during the Triassic. Finally, China is identified as the ancestral area of Mammaliaformes. These new findings, besides adding to the knowledge of the poorly represented Norian cynodonts from the Los Colorados Formation, are significant to improve our understanding of probainognathian diversity, evolution, and paleobiogeographic history.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1182235/v1",
    doi = "10.21203/rs.3.rs-1182235/v1"
}

@article{gaetano20223d,
    author = "Gaetano, Leandro C. and Abdala, Fernando and Seoane, Federico D. and Tartaglione, Aureliano and Schulz, Michael and Otero, Alejandro and Leardi, Juan Martin and Apaldetti, Cecilia and Krapovickas, Veronica and Steinbach, Eugenio",
    title = "3D model related to the publication: A new cynodont from the Upper Triassic Los Colorados Formation (Argentina, South America) reveals a novel paleobiogeographic context for mammalian ancestors",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "MorphoMuseuM",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.18563/journal.m3.165",
    doi = "10.18563/journal.m3.165",
    number = "2",
    pages = "e165",
    volume = "8"
}

Probainognathia is a derived lineage of cynodonts which encompass Mammalia as their crown-group. The rich record of probainognathians from the Carnian of Argentina contrasts with their Norian representation, with only one named species. Here we describe a new probainognathian, Tessellatia bonapartei gen. et sp. nov., from the Norian Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of Argentina. The new taxon, represented by a partial cranium with associated lower jaws, was analyzed through neutron and X-rays micro-tomography (μCT). The high-resolution neutron μCT data allowed the identification of a unique character combination, including features inaccessible through traditional techniques. We constructed the largest phylogenetic data matrix of non-mammalian cynodonts. The new species and its sister taxon, the Brazilian Therioherpeton cargnini, are recovered as probainognathians, closely related to Mammaliamorpha. We conducted the first quantitative paleobiogeographic analysis of non-mammalian cynodonts, focusing in probainognathians. The results indicate that Probainognathia and Mammaliamorpha originated in southwestern Gondwana (in the Brazilian Paraná Basin), which was an important center of diversification during the Triassic. Finally, the Chinese Lufeng Basin is identified as the ancestral area of Mammaliaformes. These new findings, besides adding to the knowledge of the poorly represented Norian cynodonts from the Los Colorados Formation, are significant to improve our understanding of probainognathian diversity, evolution, and paleobiogeographic history.

@article{gaetano2022a,
    author = "Gaetano, L. C. and Abdala, F. and Seoane, F. D. and Tartaglione, A. and Schulz, M. and Otero, A. and Leardi, J. M. and Apaldetti, C. and Krapovickas, V. and Steimbach, E.",
    title = "A new cynodont from the Upper Triassic Los Colorados Formation (Argentina, South America) reveals a novel paleobiogeographic context for mammalian ancestors",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Probainognathia is a derived lineage of cynodonts which encompass Mammalia as their crown-group. The rich record of probainognathians from the Carnian of Argentina contrasts with their Norian representation, with only one named species. Here we describe a new probainognathian, Tessellatia bonapartei gen. et sp. nov., from the Norian Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of Argentina. The new taxon, represented by a partial cranium with associated lower jaws, was analyzed through neutron and X-rays micro-tomography (μCT). The high-resolution neutron μCT data allowed the identification of a unique character combination, including features inaccessible through traditional techniques. We constructed the largest phylogenetic data matrix of non-mammalian cynodonts. The new species and its sister taxon, the Brazilian Therioherpeton cargnini, are recovered as probainognathians, closely related to Mammaliamorpha. We conducted the first quantitative paleobiogeographic analysis of non-mammalian cynodonts, focusing in probainognathians. The results indicate that Probainognathia and Mammaliamorpha originated in southwestern Gondwana (in the Brazilian Paraná Basin), which was an important center of diversification during the Triassic. Finally, the Chinese Lufeng Basin is identified as the ancestral area of Mammaliaformes. These new findings, besides adding to the knowledge of the poorly represented Norian cynodonts from the Los Colorados Formation, are significant to improve our understanding of probainognathian diversity, evolution, and paleobiogeographic history.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10486-4",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-10486-4",
    number = "1",
    volume = "12"
}

During the Late Triassic epoch (237-201 million years ago), the terrestrial ecosystems of Pangaea underwent drastic changes1,2 that led to the rise and diversification of mammaliaforms3, crocodylomorphs4 and dinosaurs5. Although the Carnian sedimentary rocks of South America provided much of the available evidence for understanding the early evolution of these clades, key discoveries have remained restricted to the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión6,7 and Paraná basins8 in Argentina and Brazil, respectively. Here we report a Carnian tetrapod assemblage from the previously unrecognized Northern Precordillera Basin in northwestern Argentina. Discoveries at this basin, in the Quebrada Santo Domingo site, include a nearly complete skeleton of the early sauropodomorph Huayracursor jaguensis gen. et sp. nov., and typical components of Late Carnian faunas, such as hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs, gomphodontosuchine traversodontid cynodonts, and aetosaurs. Compared to its generally small and short-necked Carnian counterparts9,10, Huayracursor is larger and exhibits an incipient elongation of its cervical vertebrae, representing an intermediate condition for size and cervical elongation between known Carnian and Norian sauropodomorphs11. This discovery provides one of the oldest pieces of evidence of increased body mass and neck elongation in early Sauropodomorpha.

@article{doi101038s41586025096343,
    author = "Hechenleitner, E Martín and Martinelli, Agustín G and Rocher, Sebastián and Fiorelli, Lucas E and Juarez, Malena and Taborda, Jeremías R A and Desojo, Julia B",
    title = "A long-necked early dinosaur from a newly discovered Upper Triassic basin in the Andes.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Nature",
    abstract = "During the Late Triassic epoch (237-201 million years ago), the terrestrial ecosystems of Pangaea underwent drastic changes1,2 that led to the rise and diversification of mammaliaforms3, crocodylomorphs4 and dinosaurs5. Although the Carnian sedimentary rocks of South America provided much of the available evidence for understanding the early evolution of these clades, key discoveries have remained restricted to the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión6,7 and Paraná basins8 in Argentina and Brazil, respectively. Here we report a Carnian tetrapod assemblage from the previously unrecognized Northern Precordillera Basin in northwestern Argentina. Discoveries at this basin, in the Quebrada Santo Domingo site, include a nearly complete skeleton of the early sauropodomorph Huayracursor jaguensis gen. et sp. nov., and typical components of Late Carnian faunas, such as hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs, gomphodontosuchine traversodontid cynodonts, and aetosaurs. Compared to its generally small and short-necked Carnian counterparts9,10, Huayracursor is larger and exhibits an incipient elongation of its cervical vertebrae, representing an intermediate condition for size and cervical elongation between known Carnian and Norian sauropodomorphs11. This discovery provides one of the oldest pieces of evidence of increased body mass and neck elongation in early Sauropodomorpha.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/7494334/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41586-025-09634-3",
    pmcid = "7494334",
    pmid = "41094144"
}