Specializations

@article{crossref1877curious,
    title = "Curious Carnivorous Plants",
    year = "1877",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican07141877-23",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican07141877-23",
    number = "2",
    pages = "23-25",
    volume = "37"
}

Dinosaur tracks from Lower Jurassic rocks at Rocky Hill, Connecticut, were apparently made by a floating or half-submerged animal that was pushing along the bottom with the tips of its toes. These tracks were probably made by large carnivorous dinosaurs (Theropoda) and are apparently the first evidence of swimming by such animals.

@article{coombs1980swimming,
    author = "Coombs, W. P.",
    title = "Swimming Ability of Carnivorous Dinosaurs",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Dinosaur tracks from Lower Jurassic rocks at Rocky Hill, Connecticut, were apparently made by a floating or half-submerged animal that was pushing along the bottom with the tips of its toes. These tracks were probably made by large carnivorous dinosaurs (Theropoda) and are apparently the first evidence of swimming by such animals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4436.1198",
    doi = "10.1126/science.207.4436.1198",
    number = "4436",
    pages = "1198-1200",
    volume = "207"
}

@article{crossref1980carnivorous,
    title = "Carnivorous Dinosaurs in the Swim",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Science News",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3964953",
    doi = "10.2307/3964953",
    number = "12",
    pages = "181",
    volume = "117"
}

@misc{taquet1984a1,
    author = "Taquet, P",
    title = "A curious specialization of the skull of some Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "The long and narrow snout of spinosaurids: C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris II, v. 299, p. 217-222; In French",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Taquet, P., 1984, A curious specialization of the skull of some Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs: The long and narrow snout of spinosaurids: C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris II, v. 299, p. 217-222; In French.}"
}

Analysis of the nasal region in fossils of three theropod dinosaurs (Nanotyrannus, Ornithomimus, and Dromaeosaurus) and one ornithischian dinosaur (Hypacrosaurus) showed that their metabolic rates were significantly lower than metabolic rates in modern birds and mammals. In extant endotherms and ectotherms, the cross-sectional area of the nasal passage scales approximately with increasing body mass M at M 0.72. However, the cross-sectional area of nasal passages in endotherms is approximately four times that of ectotherms. The dinosaurs studied here have narrow nasal passages that are consistent with low lung ventilation rates and the absence of respiratory turbinates.

@article{ruben1996the,
    author = "Ruben, John A. and Hillenius, Willem J. and Geist, Nicholas R. and Leitch, Andrew and Jones, Terry D. and Currie, Philip J. and Horner, John R. and Espe, George",
    title = "The Metabolic Status of Some Late Cretaceous Dinosaurs",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Analysis of the nasal region in fossils of three theropod dinosaurs (Nanotyrannus, Ornithomimus, and Dromaeosaurus) and one ornithischian dinosaur (Hypacrosaurus) showed that their metabolic rates were significantly lower than metabolic rates in modern birds and mammals. In extant endotherms and ectotherms, the cross-sectional area of the nasal passage scales approximately with increasing body mass M at M 0.72. However, the cross-sectional area of nasal passages in endotherms is approximately four times that of ectotherms. The dinosaurs studied here have narrow nasal passages that are consistent with low lung ventilation rates and the absence of respiratory turbinates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5279.1204",
    doi = "10.1126/science.273.5279.1204",
    number = "5279",
    pages = "1204-1207",
    volume = "273"
}

New research on non-avian theropods.

@misc{carpenter2005the,
    author = "Carpenter, Kenneth",
    title = "The Carnivorous Dinosaurs",
    year = "2005",
    abstract = "New research on non-avian theropods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2979/3541.0",
    doi = "10.2979/3541.0"
}

@article{crossref2006the,
    title = "The Carnivorous dinosaurs",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43-4677",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.43-4677",
    number = "08",
    pages = "43-4677-43-4677",
    volume = "43"
}

@article{parker2007the,
    author = "Parker, William G.",
    title = "The Carnivorous Dinosaurs",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[777:tcd]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[777:tcd]2.0.co;2",
    number = "3",
    pages = "777-777",
    volume = "27"
}

@article{novas2013evolution,
    author = "Novas, Fernando E. and Agnolín, Federico L. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Porfiri, Juan and Canale, Juan I.",
    title = "Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: The evidence from Patagonia",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001",
    pages = "174-215",
    volume = "45"
}

@article{fabbri2022subaqueous,
    author = "Fabbri, Matteo and Navalón, Guillermo and Benson, Roger B. J. and Pol, Diego and O’Connor, Jingmai and Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S. and Erickson, Gregory M. and Norell, Mark A. and Orkney, Andrew and Lamanna, Matthew C. and Zouhri, Samir and Becker, Justine and Emke, Amanda and Dal Sasso, Cristiano and Bindellini, Gabriele and Maganuco, Simone and Auditore, Marco and Ibrahim, Nizar",
    title = "Subaqueous foraging among carnivorous dinosaurs",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04528-0",
    doi = "10.1038/s41586-022-04528-0",
    number = "7903",
    pages = "852-857",
    volume = "603"
}

@incollection{crossrefNonecarnivorous,
    title = "Carnivorous Dinosaurs",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "Ecology and Behaviour of Mesozoic Reptiles",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26571-6\_11",
    doi = "10.1007/3-540-26571-6\_11",
    pages = "171-188"
}