Trenches

@misc{burk1966the,
    author = "Burk, C A",
    title = "The Aleutian Arc and Alaska Continental Margins",
    year = "1966",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4095/103482",
    doi = "10.4095/103482"
}

@misc{worzel1966structure,
    author = "Worzel, J L",
    title = "Structure of Continental Margins and Development of Ocean Trenches",
    year = "1966",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4095/104481",
    doi = "10.4095/104481"
}

@article{keith1971oceanfloor2,
    author = "Keith, M. L",
    title = "Ocean-floor convergence",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "A contrary view of global tectonics: Journal of Geology, v. 80, p. 249-276",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Keith, M. L., 1971, Ocean-floor convergence: A contrary view of global tectonics: Journal of Geology, v. 80, p. 249-276.}"
}

@techreport{vanhuene1972structure5,
    author = "Van Huene, R. E",
    title = "Structure of the continental margin and tectonism at the eastern Aleutian Trench",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 3613-3626",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Van Huene, R. E., 1972, Structure of the continental margin and tectonism at the eastern Aleutian Trench: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 3613-3626.}"
}

Deep-sea trenches are the result of extension. This is not merely a matter of flexing a slab as it bends and begins to descend (sea-floor spreading hypothesis): the available seismic data show that the primary stress field results from more or less horizontal tension—at right angles to the axis of the trench—at most depths. Many persons reporting these results also have concluded that the same data “are consonant with” the underthrusting required by the sea-floor spreading hypothesis. Close study of these reports shows, however, that the underthrusting must be assumed first; even then it is difficult or impossible to reconcile the data with the assumption. This is so obvious that several recent authors have commented on the conflict between observation and hypothesis. Much published information is available about the structure, seismology, gravity, magnetics, volcanicity, heat flow, bathymetry, and sedimentation in and near deep-sea trenches. This information is contrary specifically to the assumption of compression. One of the most telling arguments against the compression assumption arises from seismic first-arrival patterns for earthquakes taking place approximately under trenches and island arcs; these produce largely tensional, or strike-slip, or ambiguous patterns (approximately in that order); the few compressional examples commonly have the compression axis oriented parallel with the alignment of the major structure, and ambiguous examples which might support underthrusting (if one solution is rejected) commonly require a horizontal thrust plane. Yet the conclusion of compression continues to be drawn, specifically for the reason of preserving the hypothesis in the face of mounting contradictions. Efforts have been made to salvage the “plate consumption” idea by suggesting that the ocean crustal layer is “falling” through the mantle under or near trenches. This ad hoc assumption contradicts known gravity and density data, dip data, Q data, and the layering of the shallow mantle near trenches. Actually, deep-sea trenches are tensional because this is the primary stress field; there is no “down-going slab,” and there is no primary horizontal compression.

@article{tanner1973deepsea,
    author = "Tanner, William F.",
    title = "Deep-Sea Trenches and the Compression Assumption",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "Deep-sea trenches are the result of extension. This is not merely a matter of flexing a slab as it bends and begins to descend (sea-floor spreading hypothesis): the available seismic data show that the primary stress field results from more or less horizontal tension—at right angles to the axis of the trench—at most depths. Many persons reporting these results also have concluded that the same data “are consonant with” the underthrusting required by the sea-floor spreading hypothesis. Close study of these reports shows, however, that the underthrusting must be assumed first; even then it is difficult or impossible to reconcile the data with the assumption. This is so obvious that several recent authors have commented on the conflict between observation and hypothesis. Much published information is available about the structure, seismology, gravity, magnetics, volcanicity, heat flow, bathymetry, and sedimentation in and near deep-sea trenches. This information is contrary specifically to the assumption of compression. One of the most telling arguments against the compression assumption arises from seismic first-arrival patterns for earthquakes taking place approximately under trenches and island arcs; these produce largely tensional, or strike-slip, or ambiguous patterns (approximately in that order); the few compressional examples commonly have the compression axis oriented parallel with the alignment of the major structure, and ambiguous examples which might support underthrusting (if one solution is rejected) commonly require a horizontal thrust plane. Yet the conclusion of compression continues to be drawn, specifically for the reason of preserving the hypothesis in the face of mounting contradictions. Efforts have been made to salvage the “plate consumption” idea by suggesting that the ocean crustal layer is “falling” through the mantle under or near trenches. This ad hoc assumption contradicts known gravity and density data, dip data, Q data, and the layering of the shallow mantle near trenches. Actually, deep-sea trenches are tensional because this is the primary stress field; there is no “down-going slab,” and there is no primary horizontal compression.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/83d912d1-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/83d912d1-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "11",
    pages = "2195-2206",
    volume = "57"
}

@techreport{tanner1973deepsea4,
    author = "Tanner, W. F",
    title = "Deep-sea trenches and the compression assumption",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 57, p. 2195-2206",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Tanner, W. F., 1973, Deep-sea trenches and the compression assumption: Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 57, p. 2195-2206.}"
}

@misc{helwig1974steady1,
    author = "Helwig, J. and Hall, G. A",
    title = "Steady state trenches?",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Geology, v. 2, p. 309-316",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Helwig, J., and Hall, G. A., 1974, Steady state trenches?: Geology, v. 2, p. 309-316.}"
}

The conclusion by Tanner that trenches and island arcs are caused by primary regional tension is contradicted by various lines of evidence. Earthquake data show these features located above Benioff zones where complex tectonic processes take place, including tensional as well as compressional and strike-slip motions; but regional geologic data show compression to be dominant, as in the South American Andes facing the Pacific Ocean. Diapirs, including those responsible for volcanoes, are caused by rise of buoyant plastic or viscous material when the overlying denser material is stressed beyond the yield point. This process can take place in areas subject to compression as well as in areas subject to tension; in fact, shale diapirs and associated mud volcanoes are found almost exclusively in areas subject to lateral compressive stress at depth. Volcanoes along the inside of island arcs are in stress fields similar to those of the Andes where compression is dominant. The conclusion that there is no downgoing slab in Benioff zones is based on a model of vertical density distribution invalid for the upper mantle because it makes insufficient allowance for the character of the low-velocity seismic zone in the asthenosphere. More realistic models show density inversions in the upper mantle and consequent gravitational instability which favors convection. A diagrammatic model has been constructed on this basis to demonstrate the feasibility of the convection process. Assumptions made in constructing this model generally are accepted as reasonable. Actual conditions are obviously of vastly greater complexity and involve different conditions than visualized here.

@article{olson1974deepsea,
    author = "Olson, Walter S.",
    title = "Deep-Sea Trenches and the Compression Assumption: DISCUSSION",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "The conclusion by Tanner that trenches and island arcs are caused by primary regional tension is contradicted by various lines of evidence. Earthquake data show these features located above Benioff zones where complex tectonic processes take place, including tensional as well as compressional and strike-slip motions; but regional geologic data show compression to be dominant, as in the South American Andes facing the Pacific Ocean. Diapirs, including those responsible for volcanoes, are caused by rise of buoyant plastic or viscous material when the overlying denser material is stressed beyond the yield point. This process can take place in areas subject to compression as well as in areas subject to tension; in fact, shale diapirs and associated mud volcanoes are found almost exclusively in areas subject to lateral compressive stress at depth. Volcanoes along the inside of island arcs are in stress fields similar to those of the Andes where compression is dominant. The conclusion that there is no downgoing slab in Benioff zones is based on a model of vertical density distribution invalid for the upper mantle because it makes insufficient allowance for the character of the low-velocity seismic zone in the asthenosphere. More realistic models show density inversions in the upper mantle and consequent gravitational instability which favors convection. A diagrammatic model has been constructed on this basis to demonstrate the feasibility of the convection process. Assumptions made in constructing this model generally are accepted as reasonable. Actual conditions are obviously of vastly greater complexity and involve different conditions than visualized here.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/83d91bf0-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/83d91bf0-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "12",
    pages = "2522-2525",
    volume = "58"
}

@article{tanner1974deepsea,
    author = "Tanner, William F.",
    title = "Deep-Sea Trenches and the Compression Assumption: REPLY",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/83d91bf5-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/83d91bf5-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "12",
    pages = "2525-2527",
    volume = "58"
}

@article{zonenshayn1982deepsea,
    author = "Zonenshayn, L. P.",
    title = "Deep-sea trenches as compression structures",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "International Geology Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00206818209451554",
    doi = "10.1080/00206818209451554",
    number = "5",
    pages = "497-508",
    volume = "24"
}

@misc{pennington1983role3,
    author = "Pennington, W. D",
    title = "Role of shallow phase changes in the subduction of oceanic crust",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 220, p. 1045-1047",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Pennington, W. D., 1983, Role of shallow phase changes in the subduction of oceanic crust: Science, v. 220, p. 1045-1047.}"
}

The seismic section across the Eastern Aleutian margin off southern Kodiak Island illustrates structure from the axis of the eastern Aleutian Trench to the edge of the Kodiak shelf. The seafloor morphology includes a flat trench axial area, a lower slope with two main steps, and a sharp topographic break marking the base of the steepened upper slope. The seismic section crosses a deep canyon in the upper slope, connected to one of the relict glacial troughs that cross the Kodiak Shelf (Hampton, 1983). The Kodiak margin is composed of the insular outcrops containing metamorphosed accretion complex of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene age, the Kodiak shelf with the Neogene Albatross basin behind a high at the edge of the shelf named Albatross bank, and the landward slope of the trench. Albatross basin is filled with upper Miocene to Recent sediment 5 km deep (Fisher and von Huene, 1980) and is floored by a subareal erosion surface across landward-tilted Eocene and Oligocene (?) strata. These strata were sampled northeast of the seismic record section at Middleton Island (Rau et al., 1977; Keller et al., 1984), on the seaward flank of Albatross basin (Herrera, 1978), and southwest of it near Sanak Island (Bruns et al., in press). Subsidence of the Miocene regional erosion surface began about 6 Ma and subsequently, about 2 Ma, Albatross bank was uplifted at least 3 km (Fisher and von Huene, 1980; von Huene et al., in press). Thus, the steep upper slope that descends from Albatross bank

@incollection{huene1986the,
    author = "Huene, Roland von and Fisher, Michael and Miller, John",
    title = "The Eastern Aleutian Continental Margin",
    year = "1986",
    booktitle = "Seismic Images of Modern Convergent Margin Tectonic Structure",
    abstract = "The seismic section across the Eastern Aleutian margin off southern Kodiak Island illustrates structure from the axis of the eastern Aleutian Trench to the edge of the Kodiak shelf. The seafloor morphology includes a flat trench axial area, a lower slope with two main steps, and a sharp topographic break marking the base of the steepened upper slope. The seismic section crosses a deep canyon in the upper slope, connected to one of the relict glacial troughs that cross the Kodiak Shelf (Hampton, 1983). The Kodiak margin is composed of the insular outcrops containing metamorphosed accretion complex of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene age, the Kodiak shelf with the Neogene Albatross basin behind a high at the edge of the shelf named Albatross bank, and the landward slope of the trench. Albatross basin is filled with upper Miocene to Recent sediment 5 km deep (Fisher and von Huene, 1980) and is floored by a subareal erosion surface across landward-tilted Eocene and Oligocene (?) strata. These strata were sampled northeast of the seismic record section at Middleton Island (Rau et al., 1977; Keller et al., 1984), on the seaward flank of Albatross basin (Herrera, 1978), and southwest of it near Sanak Island (Bruns et al., in press). Subsidence of the Miocene regional erosion surface began about 6 Ma and subsequently, about 2 Ma, Albatross bank was uplifted at least 3 km (Fisher and von Huene, 1980; von Huene et al., in press). Thus, the steep upper slope that descends from Albatross bank",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/st26461c4",
    doi = "10.1306/st26461c4",
    pages = "20-23"
}

@article{jarrard1986causes,
    author = "Jarrard, Richard D.",
    title = "Causes of compression and extension behind trenches",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Tectonophysics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90027-2",
    doi = "10.1016/0040-1951(86)90027-2",
    number = "1-3",
    pages = "89-102",
    volume = "132"
}

@article{crossref2011efficient,
    title = "Efficient Tests Under a Weak Convergence Assumption",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Econometrica",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3982/ecta7793",
    doi = "10.3982/ecta7793",
    number = "2",
    pages = "395-435",
    volume = "79"
}

@incollection{crossrefNonethe,
    title = "The Speed of Light and Classical Physics",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "The Curious History of Relativity",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv39x6bc.5",
    doi = "10.2307/j.ctv39x6bc.5",
    pages = "4-23"
}