Trichoms

@article{guennel1956systematic,
    author = "Guennel, G. K.",
    title = "Systematic Methods for Paleozoic Plant Microfossils",
    year = "1956",
    journal = "Micropaleontology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1484356",
    doi = "10.2307/1484356",
    number = "4",
    pages = "393",
    volume = "2"
}

@incollection{schopf1957spores,
    author = "Schopf, James M.",
    title = "Spores and Related Plant Microfossils—Paleozoic",
    year = "1957",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Memoirs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/mem67v2-p703",
    doi = "10.1130/mem67v2-p703",
    pages = "703-708"
}

More than forty per cent of Canada's known natural gas resources, or 18.5 trillion cu ft of indicated gas reserves (Oil and Gas Conservation Board, Alberta, 1965), are contained in Paleozoic rocks of the Alberta Plains. The constant growth of Alberta's reserves since 1947 has encouraged the gas industry to seek extensive markets in Canada and the United States. The Paleozoic rocks are predominantly shelf carbonates, limy marine shale, and evaporites. These strata are on the eastern flank of the Alberta syncline and dip southwestward at an average of 40 ft/mi. They form a wedge which is more than 5,000 ft thick near the Rocky Mountain Foothills and thins to the outcrop in the northeastern corner of the province. Emergence of the Alberta Plains between the end of Cambrian time and Middle Devonian time, plus periodic emergence and erosion between Missis- sippian time and Cretaceous time, resulted in the removal of considerable parts of the Paleozoic systems. The major Paleozoic reservoirs are organic and clastic carbonates of the Devonian and Mississippian Systems. They form three types of stratigraphic traps—reefs, lithological pinchouts and unconformity traps. “Draped” anticlinal structure also aided in localizing accumulations in Nisku reefal reservoirs, which overlie Leduc bioherms. The Devonian reefs of the Swan Hills, Leduc, and Nisku units mark the areas where shoaling occurred as the later Devonian seas transgressed the evaporite-filled Elk Point basin. The reef fields contain gas reserves of 8 trillion cu ft. In the lithologic pinchout fields, gas accumulations of the Wabamun Group commonly include hydrogen sulfide gas up to 35 per cent by volume. The indicated reserves in these fields are 1.8 trillion cu ft of nonassociated residue gas and 35 million long tons of sulfur. Gas accumulations associated with the post-Paleozoic unconformity have reserves of 8.2 trillion cu ft in Mississippian rock. Production from Paleozoic gas reservoirs has been from both nonassociated-gas fields and dissolved gas from oil-producing areas. Paleozoic gas reserves are expected to increase considerably as exploration continues in the deeper drilling areas and in the more northerly areas of the Alberta Plains. An estimate of the ultimate potential gas resources in the Paleozoic rocks of the Alberta Plains, based on criteria similar to those used in recent forecasts for Canada and the United States, is 45 trillion cu ft.

@incollection{prather1968geology,
    author = "Prather, R. W. and McCourt, G. B.",
    title = "Geology of Gas Accumulations in Paleozoic Rocks of Alberta Plains",
    year = "1968",
    booktitle = "Natural Gases of North America, Volumes 1 \& 2",
    abstract = "More than forty per cent of Canada's known natural gas resources, or 18.5 trillion cu ft of indicated gas reserves (Oil and Gas Conservation Board, Alberta, 1965), are contained in Paleozoic rocks of the Alberta Plains. The constant growth of Alberta's reserves since 1947 has encouraged the gas industry to seek extensive markets in Canada and the United States. The Paleozoic rocks are predominantly shelf carbonates, limy marine shale, and evaporites. These strata are on the eastern flank of the Alberta syncline and dip southwestward at an average of 40 ft/mi. They form a wedge which is more than 5,000 ft thick near the Rocky Mountain Foothills and thins to the outcrop in the northeastern corner of the province. Emergence of the Alberta Plains between the end of Cambrian time and Middle Devonian time, plus periodic emergence and erosion between Missis- sippian time and Cretaceous time, resulted in the removal of considerable parts of the Paleozoic systems. The major Paleozoic reservoirs are organic and clastic carbonates of the Devonian and Mississippian Systems. They form three types of stratigraphic traps—reefs, lithological pinchouts and unconformity traps. “Draped” anticlinal structure also aided in localizing accumulations in Nisku reefal reservoirs, which overlie Leduc bioherms. The Devonian reefs of the Swan Hills, Leduc, and Nisku units mark the areas where shoaling occurred as the later Devonian seas transgressed the evaporite-filled Elk Point basin. The reef fields contain gas reserves of 8 trillion cu ft. In the lithologic pinchout fields, gas accumulations of the Wabamun Group commonly include hydrogen sulfide gas up to 35 per cent by volume. The indicated reserves in these fields are 1.8 trillion cu ft of nonassociated residue gas and 35 million long tons of sulfur. Gas accumulations associated with the post-Paleozoic unconformity have reserves of 8.2 trillion cu ft in Mississippian rock. Production from Paleozoic gas reservoirs has been from both nonassociated-gas fields and dissolved gas from oil-producing areas. Paleozoic gas reserves are expected to increase considerably as exploration continues in the deeper drilling areas and in the more northerly areas of the Alberta Plains. An estimate of the ultimate potential gas resources in the Paleozoic rocks of the Alberta Plains, based on criteria similar to those used in recent forecasts for Canada and the United States, is 45 trillion cu ft.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/m9363c84",
    doi = "10.1306/m9363c84",
    pages = "1238-1284"
}

@misc{german1974finds1,
    author = "German, T. N",
    title = "Finds of mass accumulations of trichoms in the Riphean [in Russian], in Microfossils of the Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic of the USSR",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Leningrad, Nauka, p. 6-10",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {German, T. N., 1974, Finds of mass accumulations of trichoms in the Riphean [in Russian], in Microfossils of the Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic of the USSR: Leningrad, Nauka, p. 6-10.}"
}

Rocks are dated by finds of radiolaria and conodonts in cherts from the melange and oIistostromes of the Chara Belt. These data are compared with similar materials known from Central Kazakhstan and Southern Urals. Along with the Devonian and redeposited Ordovician forms, Early-Carboniferous fossils have been established for the first time in siliceous rocks of the Chara Belt. These data extend the range of deep-water silica accumulation. In the Devonian and Early Carboniferous, sedimentation of this kind took place simultaneously with the island-arc volcanism, which confirms the tectonic mixture of varifacies rocks in the melange and oIistostrome.

@article{iwata1994paleozoic,
    author = "Iwata, K. and Watanabe, T. and Akiyama, M. and Dobretsov, N. L. and Belyaev, S. Yu.",
    title = "PALEOZOIC MICROFOSSILS OF THE CHARA BELT IN EASTERN KAZAKHSTAN",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Rocks are dated by finds of radiolaria and conodonts in cherts from the melange and oIistostromes of the Chara Belt. These data are compared with similar materials known from Central Kazakhstan and Southern Urals. Along with the Devonian and redeposited Ordovician forms, Early-Carboniferous fossils have been established for the first time in siliceous rocks of the Chara Belt. These data extend the range of deep-water silica accumulation. In the Devonian and Early Carboniferous, sedimentation of this kind took place simultaneously with the island-arc volcanism, which confirms the tectonic mixture of varifacies rocks in the melange and oIistostrome.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/rgg.1994.35.7-8.125",
    doi = "10.2113/rgg.1994.35.7-8.125",
    number = "7-8",
    pages = "125-130",
    volume = "35"
}

@article{walter1998paleozoic,
    author = "Walter, Harald and Berger, Hans-Jürgen",
    title = "Paleozoic microfossils from the northern margin of the Erzgebirge-Mountains (Saxony)",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/209/1998/1",
    doi = "10.1127/njgpa/209/1998/1",
    number = "1",
    pages = "1-32",
    volume = "209"
}

@inproceedings{leonova2003problematic,
    author = "Leonova, L. V. and Soroka, E. I.",
    title = "Problematic microfossils in ancient (Paleozoic) rocks of the Urals",
    year = "2003",
    booktitle = "SPIE Proceedings",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.486702",
    doi = "10.1117/12.486702",
    pages = "67",
    volume = "4939"
}

Absence of a substantial pretracheophyte fossil record for bryophytes (otherwise predicted by molecular systematics) poses a major problem in our understanding of earliest land-plant structure. In contrast, there exist enigmatic Cambrian–Devonian microfossils (aggregations of tubes or sheets of cells or possibly a combination of both) controversially interpreted as an extinct group of early land plants known as nematophytes. We used an innovative approach to explore these issues: comparison of tube and cell-sheet microfossils with experimentally degraded modern liverworts as analogues of ancient early land plants. Lower epidermal surface tissues, including rhizoids, of Marchantia polymorpha and Conocephalum conicum were resistant to breakdown after rotting for extended periods or high-temperature acid treatment (acetolysis), suggesting fossilization potential. Cell-sheet and rhizoid remains occurred separately or together depending on the degree of body degradation. Rhizoid break-off at the lower epidermal surface left rimmed pores at the centers of cell rosettes; these were similar in structure, diameter, and distribution to pores characterizing nematophyte cell-sheet microfossils known as Cosmochlaina. The range of Marchantia rhizoid diameters overlapped that of Cosmochlaina pores. Approximately 14% of dry biomass of Marchantia vegetative thalli and 40% of gametangiophores was resistant to acetolysis. Pre- and posttreatment cell-wall autofluorescence suggested the presence of phenolic compounds that likely protect lower epidermal tissues from soil microbe attack and provide dimensional stability to gametangiophores. Our results suggest that at least some microfossils identified as nematophytes may be the remains of early marchantioid liverworts similar in some ways to modern Marchantia and Conocephalum.

@article{graham2004resistant,
    author = "Graham, Linda E. and Wilcox, Lee W. and Cook, Martha E. and Gensel, Patricia G.",
    title = "Resistant tissues of modern marchantioid liverworts resemble enigmatic Early Paleozoic microfossils",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Absence of a substantial pretracheophyte fossil record for bryophytes (otherwise predicted by molecular systematics) poses a major problem in our understanding of earliest land-plant structure. In contrast, there exist enigmatic Cambrian–Devonian microfossils (aggregations of tubes or sheets of cells or possibly a combination of both) controversially interpreted as an extinct group of early land plants known as nematophytes. We used an innovative approach to explore these issues: comparison of tube and cell-sheet microfossils with experimentally degraded modern liverworts as analogues of ancient early land plants. Lower epidermal surface tissues, including rhizoids, of Marchantia polymorpha and Conocephalum conicum were resistant to breakdown after rotting for extended periods or high-temperature acid treatment (acetolysis), suggesting fossilization potential. Cell-sheet and rhizoid remains occurred separately or together depending on the degree of body degradation. Rhizoid break-off at the lower epidermal surface left rimmed pores at the centers of cell rosettes; these were similar in structure, diameter, and distribution to pores characterizing nematophyte cell-sheet microfossils known as Cosmochlaina. The range of Marchantia rhizoid diameters overlapped that of Cosmochlaina pores. Approximately 14\% of dry biomass of Marchantia vegetative thalli and 40\% of gametangiophores was resistant to acetolysis. Pre- and posttreatment cell-wall autofluorescence suggested the presence of phenolic compounds that likely protect lower epidermal tissues from soil microbe attack and provide dimensional stability to gametangiophores. Our results suggest that at least some microfossils identified as nematophytes may be the remains of early marchantioid liverworts similar in some ways to modern Marchantia and Conocephalum.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400484101",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0400484101",
    number = "30",
    pages = "11025-11029",
    volume = "101"
}

@article{javaux2011microfossils,
    author = "Javaux, Emmanuelle J.",
    title = "Microfossils from early Earth",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Nature Geoscience",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1279",
    doi = "10.1038/ngeo1279",
    number = "10",
    pages = "663-665",
    volume = "4"
}

@inproceedings{andfrappier2020paleozoic,
    author = "Frappier, Amy and Lindemann, Richard H. and Lu, Zunli and Frappier, Brian R.",
    title = "PALEOZOIC PELAGIC PROFILES: DEVONIAN DACRYOCONARID MICROFOSSILS FOR MULTIPROXY CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY",
    year = "2020",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-356335",
    doi = "10.1130/abs/2020am-356335"
}

The Jiangshan‐Shaoxing‐Pingxiang Fault (JSP Fault) is traditionally considered as the boundary between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks in South China. Whether the previously defined Shenshan and Kuli formations located along the JSP fault and near the Xinyu City, Jiangxi Province, are continuous strata or parts of a tectonic mélange is important for understanding the geological history of South China. A carbonaceous phyllite from the area, previously considered as part of the Neoproterozoic Shenshan and Kuli formations, is analyzed palynologically in this study. The Asteridium‐Comasphaeridium acritarch assemblage found in the slate can be correlated with the basal Cambrian Asteridium‐Heliosphaeridium‐Comasphaeridium (AHC) acritarch assemblage in Tarim and the Yangtze Block. The early Cambrian biostratigraphical age assignment for the carbonaceous phyllite indicates the presence of both Neoproterozoic and Cambrian rocks in the sedimentary package, and supports that the package is a part of tectonic mélange rather than a continuous Neoproterozoic strata. The Cambrian slate is the youngest known lithology in the mélange at present.

@article{wang2020an,
    author = "WANG, Lijun and ZHANG, Kexin and HE, Weihong and YIN, Leiming and LIN, Shoufa",
    title = "An Early Paleozoic Tectonic Mélange at the Western Margin of West Cathaysia: Constraints from Organic‐walled Microfossils",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition",
    abstract = "The Jiangshan‐Shaoxing‐Pingxiang Fault (JSP Fault) is traditionally considered as the boundary between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks in South China. Whether the previously defined Shenshan and Kuli formations located along the JSP fault and near the Xinyu City, Jiangxi Province, are continuous strata or parts of a tectonic mélange is important for understanding the geological history of South China. A carbonaceous phyllite from the area, previously considered as part of the Neoproterozoic Shenshan and Kuli formations, is analyzed palynologically in this study. The Asteridium‐Comasphaeridium acritarch assemblage found in the slate can be correlated with the basal Cambrian Asteridium‐Heliosphaeridium‐Comasphaeridium (AHC) acritarch assemblage in Tarim and the Yangtze Block. The early Cambrian biostratigraphical age assignment for the carbonaceous phyllite indicates the presence of both Neoproterozoic and Cambrian rocks in the sedimentary package, and supports that the package is a part of tectonic mélange rather than a continuous Neoproterozoic strata. The Cambrian slate is the youngest known lithology in the mélange at present.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14558",
    doi = "10.1111/1755-6724.14558",
    number = "4",
    pages = "1060-1070",
    volume = "94"
}