Turbidites

@article{kuenen1950turbidity21,
    author = "Kuenen, P. H. and Migliorini, C",
    title = "Turbidity currents as a cause of graded bedding",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "Journal of Geology, v. 58, p. 91-127",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kuenen, P. H., and Migliorini, C., 1950, Turbidity currents as a cause of graded bedding: Journal of Geology, v. 58, p. 91-127.}"
}

@misc{sullwold1961turbidites38,
    author = "Sullwold, H. H. and Jr",
    title = "Turbidites in Oil Exploration, in Peterson, J. A., and Osmond, J. C., eds., Geometry of Sand Bodies",
    year = "1961",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 63-81",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sullwold, H. H., Jr., 1961, Turbidites in Oil Exploration, in Peterson, J. A., and Osmond, J. C., eds., Geometry of Sand Bodies: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 63-81.}"
}

@book{bouma1962sedimentology8,
    author = "Bouma, A. H",
    title = "Sedimentology of some flysch deposits",
    year = "1962",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, 168 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bouma, A. H., 1962, Sedimentology of some flysch deposits: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 168 p.}"
}

@article{walker1967turebidite41,
    author = "Walker, R. G",
    title = "Turebidite sedimentary structures and their relationship to proximal and distal depositional environments",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 37, p. 25-43",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., 1967, Turebidite sedimentary structures and their relationship to proximal and distal depositional environments: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 37, p. 25-43.}"
}

@article{sabate1968pleistocene35,
    author = "Sabate, R. W",
    title = "Pleistocene oil and gas in central Louisiana",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 18, p. 373-386",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sabate, R. W., 1968, Pleistocene oil and gas in central Louisiana: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 18, p. 373-386.}"
}

@techreport{bandy1969middle1,
    author = "Bandy, O. L. and Arnal, R. E",
    title = "Middle Tertiary Basin development, San Joaquin Valley, California",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, p. 783-820",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bandy, O. L., and Arnal, R. E., 1969, Middle Tertiary Basin development, San Joaquin Valley, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, p. 783-820.}"
}

@techreport{normark1970growth32,
    author = "Normark, W. R",
    title = "Growth patterns of deep sea fans",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 54, p. 2170-2195",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Normark, W. R., 1970, Growth patterns of deep sea fans: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 54, p. 2170-2195.}"
}

@techreport{walker1971nondeltaic42,
    author = "Walker, R. G",
    title = "Nondeltaic depositional environments in the Catskill clastic wedge (Upper Devonian) of central Pennsylvania",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 1305-1326",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., 1971, Nondeltaic depositional environments in the Catskill clastic wedge (Upper Devonian) of central Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 1305-1326.}"
}

@misc{bazeley1972san2,
    author = "Bazeley, W",
    title = "San Emidio Nose Field",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 16, p. 297-312",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bazeley, W., 1972, San Emidio Nose Field: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 16, p. 297-312.}"
}

@techreport{davies1972deep12,
    author = "Davies, D. K",
    title = "Deep sea sediments and their sedimentation, Gulf of Mexico",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 56, p. 2212-2239",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Davies, D. K., 1972, Deep sea sediments and their sedimentation, Gulf of Mexico: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 56, p. 2212-2239.}"
}

@book{fisher1972clastic14,
    author = "Fisher, W. L. and Brown, L. F. and Jr",
    title = "Clastic depositional systems - a genetic approach to facies analysis",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "Bureau of Economic Geology: University of Texas at Austin, p. 161-183",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fisher, W. L., and Brown, L. F., Jr., 1972, Clastic depositional systems - a genetic approach to facies analysis: Bureau of Economic Geology: University of Texas at Austin, p. 161-183.}"
}

@misc{mutti1972le26,
    author = "Mutti, E. and Ricci Lucchi, F",
    title = "Le torbiditi dell'Appennino settentrionale",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "introduzione all'ananisi di facies: Memoirs Soc. Geol. Italiana, v. 11, p. 161-199",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mutti, E., and Ricci Lucchi, F., 1972, Le torbiditi dell'Appennino settentrionale: introduzione all'ananisi di facies: Memoirs Soc. Geol. Italiana, v. 11, p. 161-199.}"
}

@misc{mutti1972un25,
    author = "Mutti, E. and Ghibaudo, G",
    title = "Un esempio di torbiditi di conoide sottomarina estern",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "le Arenarie di San Salvatore (Formazione di Bobbio, Miocene) nell'Appennino de Piacenza. Memorie dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Mathematiche e Naturali, Series 4, No.16, 40 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mutti, E., and Ghibaudo, G., 1972, Un esempio di torbiditi di conoide sottomarina estern: le Arenarie di San Salvatore (Formazione di Bobbio, Miocene) nell'Appennino de Piacenza. Memorie dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Mathematiche e Naturali, Series 4, No.16, 40 p.}"
}

@article{berg1973deepwater4,
    author = "Berg, R. R. and Findley, R",
    title = "Deep-water interpretation of Upper Wilcox sandstones from core study, Katy Field, Texas",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 23, p. 259-265",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berg, R. R., and Findley, R., 1973, Deep-water interpretation of Upper Wilcox sandstones from core study, Katy Field, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 23, p. 259-265.}"
}

@article{bouma1973leveedchannel9,
    author = "Bouma, A. H",
    title = "Leveed-channel deposits, turbidites and contourites in the deeper parts of the Gulf of Mexico",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, p. 368-376",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bouma, A. H., 1973, Leveed-channel deposits, turbidites and contourites in the deeper parts of the Gulf of Mexico: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, p. 368-376.}"
}

@misc{nelsom1973submarine29,
    author = "Nelsom, C. H. and Kulm, L. D",
    title = "Submarine fans and deep-sea channels, in Middleton, G. V., and Bouma, A. H., eds., Turbidites and deep-water sedimentation",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 39-78",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nelsom, C. H., and Kulm, L. D., 1973, Submarine fans and deep-sea channels, in Middleton, G. V., and Bouma, A. H., eds., Turbidites and deep-water sedimentation: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 39-78.}"
}

@book{walker1973moppingup43,
    author = "Walker, R. G",
    title = "Mopping-up the turbidite mess, in Ginsburg, R. N., ed., Evolving Concepts in Sedimentology",
    year = "1973",
    publisher = "Baltimore, John Hopkins Press, p. 1-37",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., 1973, Mopping-up the turbidite mess, in Ginsburg, R. N., ed., Evolving Concepts in Sedimentology: Baltimore, John Hopkins Press, p. 1-37.}"
}

@misc{walker1973turbidite46,
    author = "Walker, R. G. and Mutti, E",
    title = "Turbidite Facies and Facies Associations, in Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "SEPM, p. 119-157",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., and Mutti, E., 1973, Turbidite Facies and Facies Associations, in Turbidites and Deep-Water Sedimentation: SEPM, p. 119-157.}"
}

@book{whitaker1974ancient47,
    author = "Whitaker, J. H. McD",
    title = "Ancient submarine canyons and fan valleys, in Modern and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation, 19 of SEPM Special Publications",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 106-125",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitaker, J. H. McD., 1974, Ancient submarine canyons and fan valleys, in Modern and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation, 19 of SEPM Special Publications: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, p. 106-125.}"
}

@misc{biddle1975channel7,
    author = "Biddle, K. T. and Maher, J. C. and Carter, P. D",
    title = "Channel Turbidite Sandstones in the Elk Hills Member of the Monterey Shale, in Maher, J. C., ed., Petroleum Geology of the Naval Peeetroleum Reserve No.1, Elk Hills, Kern County, California, 912 of USGS Professional Paper",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "United States Geological Survey, p. 79-85",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Biddle, K. T., Maher, J. C., and Carter, P. D., 1975, Channel Turbidite Sandstones in the Elk Hills Member of the Monterey Shale, in Maher, J. C., ed., Petroleum Geology of the Naval Peeetroleum Reserve No.1, Elk Hills, Kern County, California, 912 of USGS Professional Paper: United States Geological Survey, p. 79-85.}"
}

@techreport{bennetts1976characteristics3,
    author = "Bennetts, K. R. W. and Pilkey, O. H",
    title = "Characteristics of three turbidites, Hispaniola-Caicos Basin",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, no. 87, p. 1291-1300",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bennetts, K. R. W., and Pilkey, O. H., 1976, Characteristics of three turbidites, Hispaniola-Caicos Basin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, no. 87, p. 1291-1300.}"
}

@article{berg1976densityflow5,
    author = "Berg, R. R. and Powell, R. R",
    title = "Density-flow origin for Frio reservoir sandstones, Nine Mile Point Field, Aransas County, Texas",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 26, p. 310-319",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berg, R. R., and Powell, R. R., 1976, Density-flow origin for Frio reservoir sandstones, Nine Mile Point Field, Aransas County, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 26, p. 310-319.}"
}

@article{chnelson1976thinbedded,
    author = "C. H. Nelson, W. R. Normark, A. H.",
    title = "Thin-Bedded Turbidites in Modern Submarine Canyons and Fans: ABSTRACT",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/83d927f8-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/83d927f8-16c7-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    volume = "60"
}

@misc{embley1976new13,
    author = "Embley, R. W",
    title = "New evidence for occurrence of debris flow deposits in the deep sea",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Geology, v. 4, p. 371-374",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Embley, R. W., 1976, New evidence for occurrence of debris flow deposits in the deep sea: Geology, v. 4, p. 371-374.}"
}

@misc{walker1976facies44,
    author = "Walker, R. G",
    title = "Facies Models 2. Turbidites and associated coarse clastic deposits",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Geoscience Canada, v. 3, p. 25-36",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., 1976, Facies Models 2. Turbidites and associated coarse clastic deposits: Geoscience Canada, v. 3, p. 25-36.}"
}

@article{berg1977characteristics6,
    author = "Berg, R. R. and Tedford, F. J",
    title = "Characteristics of Wilcox gas reservoirs, Northeast Thompsonville Field, Jim Hogg and Webb Counties, Texas",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 27, p. 6-19",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berg, R. R., and Tedford, F. J., 1977, Characteristics of Wilcox gas reservoirs, Northeast Thompsonville Field, Jim Hogg and Webb Counties, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 27, p. 6-19.}"
}

@article{carlson1977submarine,
    author = "Carlson, Paul R.",
    title = "Submarine canyons and deep-sea fans",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(77)90101-5",
    doi = "10.1016/0012-8252(77)90101-5",
    number = "1",
    pages = "104-105",
    volume = "13"
}

@book{parker1977lower34,
    author = "Parker, J. R",
    title = "Lower Tertiary sand development in the central North Sea, in Developments in Petroleum Geology",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "Essex, England, Applied Science Publications, Limited, v. 1, p. 447-453",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parker, J. R., 1977, Lower Tertiary sand development in the central North Sea, in Developments in Petroleum Geology: Essex, England, Applied Science Publications, Limited, v. 1, p. 447-453.}"
}

@misc{bouma1978intraslope10,
    author = "Bouma, A. H. and Smith, L. B. and Sidner, B. R. and McKee, T. R",
    title = "Intraslope basin in Northwest Gulf of Mexico, in, 7 of AAPG Studies in Geology",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 289-302",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bouma, A. H., Smith, L. B., Sidner, B. R., and McKee, T. R., 1978, Intraslope basin in Northwest Gulf of Mexico, in, 7 of AAPG Studies in Geology: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 289-302.}"
}

@article{nilsen1978turbidites30,
    author = "Nilsen, T. H",
    title = "Turbidites of the Northern Appennines",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Introduction to facies analysis: International Geology Review, v. 20, p. 125-166",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nilsen, T. H., 1978, Turbidites of the Northern Appennines: Introduction to facies analysis: International Geology Review, v. 20, p. 125-166.}"
}

@article{seimers1978submarine36,
    author = "Seimers, C. T",
    title = "Submarine fan deposition of the Woodbine-Eagleford interval (Upper Creatceous), Tyler County, Texas",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 28, p. 493-533",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Seimers, C. T., 1978, Submarine fan deposition of the Woodbine-Eagleford interval (Upper Creatceous), Tyler County, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 28, p. 493-533.}"
}

@misc{stanley1978sedimentation37,
    author = "Stanley, D. J. and Kelling, G",
    title = "Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans, and Trenches",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., 395 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stanley, D. J., and Kelling, G., 1978, Sedimentation in Submarine Canyons, Fans, and Trenches: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., 395 p.}"
}

Five main facies of deep-water clastic rocks can be defined: classic turbidites, massive sandstones, pebbly sandstones, conglomerates, and debris flows (with slumps and slides). The classic turbidites consist of monotonously parallel-interbedded sandstones and shales without channeling; internal sedimentary structures include grading, parallel lamination, and cross-lamination. Massive sandstones are thicker, coarser, and commonly channelized. They lack the sedimentary structures of classic turbidites, but do contain evidence of dewatering during deposition. Pebbly sandstones tend to be well graded, and can contain parallel stratification and large-scale cross-stratification. Conglomerates are characterized by inverse and normal grading, parallel and cross-stratification, and commonly have a preferred clast fabric (imbrication). Both the pebbly sandstones and conglomerates commonly are channelized. The facies can be fitted into a model of submarine-fan deposition. Modern fans are subdivided into an upper fan (suprafan), characterized by (1) a single deep channel with levees, (2) a middle fan, built up from suprafan lobes that periodically switch in position, and (3) a topographically smooth lower fan. The suprafan lobes have shallow, braided channels on their inner parts, but the outer suprafan lobes are smooth, and grade basinward into the smooth lower fan and basin plain. The smooth suprafan lobes and lower fan are characterized by deposition of the classic turbidite facies, and the braided part of the suprafan lobes by massive and pebbly sandstones. When one lobe is abandoned and another starts to prograde elsewhere, the first lobe is blanketed by mud, forming a potential stratigraphic trap. The upper-fan channel is an area of coarse sediment deposition, or conglomerates where gravel and boulders are supplied to the basin. During fan progradation, thickening- and coarsening-upward facies sequences can be formed in a manner analogous to those of deltas. Fan channels also can be abandoned progressively, forming thinning- and fining-upward sequences similar to those of fluvial or distributary channels. These sequences can be identified on electric logs. Where basin shales act as hydrocarbon-source areas, the classic turbidites can act as conduits, leading the hydrocarbons to the thicker, laterally coalesced massive and pebbly sandstones of the braided suprafan lobes. These bodies can be of the order of 25 km in diameter, and up to 100 m thick. The coarse deposits of the upper-fan channel also might form good reservoirs, being bounded by shales (levee deposits) on either side, and possibly by shales above if the fan-channel system is abandoned. Such channels can be tens of kilometers long, several kilometers wide, and a few hundred meters deep. Reservoirs may be present in all of these environments.

@article{walker1978deepwater,
    author = "Walker, Roger G.",
    title = "Deep-Water Sandstone Facies and Ancient Submarine Fans: Models for Exploration for Stratigraphic Traps",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "Five main facies of deep-water clastic rocks can be defined: classic turbidites, massive sandstones, pebbly sandstones, conglomerates, and debris flows (with slumps and slides). The classic turbidites consist of monotonously parallel-interbedded sandstones and shales without channeling; internal sedimentary structures include grading, parallel lamination, and cross-lamination. Massive sandstones are thicker, coarser, and commonly channelized. They lack the sedimentary structures of classic turbidites, but do contain evidence of dewatering during deposition. Pebbly sandstones tend to be well graded, and can contain parallel stratification and large-scale cross-stratification. Conglomerates are characterized by inverse and normal grading, parallel and cross-stratification, and commonly have a preferred clast fabric (imbrication). Both the pebbly sandstones and conglomerates commonly are channelized. The facies can be fitted into a model of submarine-fan deposition. Modern fans are subdivided into an upper fan (suprafan), characterized by (1) a single deep channel with levees, (2) a middle fan, built up from suprafan lobes that periodically switch in position, and (3) a topographically smooth lower fan. The suprafan lobes have shallow, braided channels on their inner parts, but the outer suprafan lobes are smooth, and grade basinward into the smooth lower fan and basin plain. The smooth suprafan lobes and lower fan are characterized by deposition of the classic turbidite facies, and the braided part of the suprafan lobes by massive and pebbly sandstones. When one lobe is abandoned and another starts to prograde elsewhere, the first lobe is blanketed by mud, forming a potential stratigraphic trap. The upper-fan channel is an area of coarse sediment deposition, or conglomerates where gravel and boulders are supplied to the basin. During fan progradation, thickening- and coarsening-upward facies sequences can be formed in a manner analogous to those of deltas. Fan channels also can be abandoned progressively, forming thinning- and fining-upward sequences similar to those of fluvial or distributary channels. These sequences can be identified on electric logs. Where basin shales act as hydrocarbon-source areas, the classic turbidites can act as conduits, leading the hydrocarbons to the thicker, laterally coalesced massive and pebbly sandstones of the braided suprafan lobes. These bodies can be of the order of 25 km in diameter, and up to 100 m thick. The coarse deposits of the upper-fan channel also might form good reservoirs, being bounded by shales (levee deposits) on either side, and possibly by shales above if the fan-channel system is abandoned. Such channels can be tens of kilometers long, several kilometers wide, and a few hundred meters deep. Reservoirs may be present in all of these environments.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/c1ea4f77-16c9-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/c1ea4f77-16c9-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "6",
    pages = "932-966",
    volume = "62"
}

@techreport{walker1978deepwater45,
    author = "Walker, R. G",
    title = "Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "models for exploration for stratigraphic traps: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, p. 932-966",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, R. G., 1978, Deep-water sandstone facies and ancient submarine fans: models for exploration for stratigraphic traps: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 62, p. 932-966.}"
}

@article{aalto1979deepwater,
    author = "Aalto, K. R.",
    title = "Deep-Water Sandstone Facies and Ancient Submarine Fans: Models for Exploration for Stratigraphic Traps: Discussion",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/2f9182e3-16ce-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/2f9182e3-16ce-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "5",
    pages = "810-810",
    volume = "63"
}

@article{foss1979depositional15,
    author = "Foss, D. C",
    title = "Depositional environment of Woodbine sandstones, Polk County, Texas",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 29, p. 83-94",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Foss, D. C., 1979, Depositional environment of Woodbine sandstones, Polk County, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 29, p. 83-94.}"
}

@techreport{heritier1979frigg17,
    author = "Heritier, F. E. and Lossel, P. and Wathne, E",
    title = "Frigg Field - large submarine fan trap in lower Eocene rocks of the North Sea",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 63, p. 1999-2020",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Heritier, F. E., Lossel, P., and Wathne, E., 1979, Frigg Field - large submarine fan trap in lower Eocene rocks of the North Sea: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 63, p. 1999-2020.}"
}

@book{mutti1979turbidites24,
    author = "Mutti, E",
    title = "Turbidites et cones sous-marins profonds, in Sedimemtation detritique (fluviatile, littorale et marine), 1979 of Institut de Geologie de l'University de Fribourg, Short Course",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "Fribourg, Institut de Geologie de l'University de Fribourg, p. 353-419",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mutti, E., 1979, Turbidites et cones sous-marins profonds, in Sedimemtation detritique (fluviatile, littorale et marine), 1979 of Institut de Geologie de l'University de Fribourg, Short Course: Fribourg, Institut de Geologie de l'University de Fribourg, p. 353-419.}"
}

@article{nardin1979a28,
    author = "Nardin, T. R. and Hein, F. J. and Gorsline, D. S. and Edwards, B. D",
    title = "A review of mass movement processes, sediment and acoustic characteristics, and contrasts in slope and base-of-slope systems versus canyon-fan-basin floor systems, in Geology of Continental Slopes",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "SEPM Special Publication 27, p. 61-73",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nardin, T. R., Hein, F. J., Gorsline, D. S., and Edwards, B. D., 1979, A review of mass movement processes, sediment and acoustic characteristics, and contrasts in slope and base-of-slope systems versus canyon-fan-basin floor systems, in Geology of Continental Slopes: SEPM Special Publication 27, p. 61-73.}"
}

@techreport{vormelker1979midwilcox40,
    author = "Vormelker, R. S",
    title = "Mid-Wilcox channel",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "deep exploration potential: Bulletin of the South Texas Geological Society, v. 20, p. 10-40",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Vormelker, R. S., 1979, Mid-Wilcox channel: deep exploration potential: Bulletin of the South Texas Geological Society, v. 20, p. 10-40.}"
}

@article{walker1979deepwater,
    author = "Walker, Roger G.",
    title = "Deep-Water Sandstone Facies and Ancient Submarine Fans: Models for Exploration for Stratigraphic Traps: REPLY",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/2f9182e8-16ce-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/2f9182e8-16ce-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    number = "5",
    pages = "811-811",
    volume = "63"
}

@article{link1980the22,
    author = "Link, M. H. and Nilsen, T. H",
    title = "The Rocks Sandstone, an Eocene sand-rich deep-sea fan deposit, northern Santa Lucia range, California",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, p. 583-601",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Link, M. H., and Nilsen, T. H., 1980, The Rocks Sandstone, an Eocene sand-rich deep-sea fan deposit, northern Santa Lucia range, California: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, p. 583-601.}"
}

@techreport{nilsen1980modern31,
    author = "Nilsen, T. H",
    title = "Modern and ancient submarine fans",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Discussions of papers by R.G. Walker aand W.R. Normark: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, p. 1094-1101",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nilsen, T. H., 1980, Modern and ancient submarine fans: Discussions of papers by R.G. Walker aand W.R. Normark: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, p. 1094-1101.}"
}

@techreport{normark1980modern33,
    author = "Normark, W. R",
    title = "Modern and ancient submarine fans",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "reply: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, p. 1108-1112",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Normark, W. R., 1980, Modern and ancient submarine fans: reply: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 64, p. 1108-1112.}"
}

@article{hiscott1981deep18,
    author = "Hiscott, R. N",
    title = "Deep sea fan deposits in the Macigno Formation (Middle- Upper Oilgocene) of the Gordana Valley, Northern Appennines, Italy",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Discussion: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, p. 1015-1021",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hiscott, R. N., 1981, Deep sea fan deposits in the Macigno Formation (Middle- Upper Oilgocene) of the Gordana Valley, Northern Appennines, Italy: Discussion: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, p. 1015-1021.}"
}

@misc{kelts1981turbidites20,
    author = "Kelts, K. and Arthur, M. A",
    title = "Turbidites after ten years of deep-sea drilling - wringing out the mop?, in Warme, J. E., Douglas, R. G., and Winterer, E. L., eds., The Deep Sea Drilling Project",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "A decade of progress, 32 of SEPM Special Publication: SEPM, p. 91-127",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kelts, K., and Arthur, M. A., 1981, Turbidites after ten years of deep-sea drilling - wringing out the mop?, in Warme, J. E., Douglas, R. G., and Winterer, E. L., eds., The Deep Sea Drilling Project: A decade of progress, 32 of SEPM Special Publication: SEPM, p. 91-127.}"
}

@misc{harms1982structures16,
    author = "Harms, J. C. and Southard, J. B. and Walker, R. G",
    title = "Structures and sequences in clastic rocks",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course \#9. Variously paginated",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Harms, J. C., Southard, J. B., and Walker, R. G., 1982, Structures and sequences in clastic rocks. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course \#9. Variously paginated.}"
}

@misc{howell1982sedimentology19,
    author = "Howell, D. G. and Normark, W. R",
    title = "Sedimentology of submarine fans, in Scholle, P. A., and Spearing, D. R., eds., Sandstone depositional environments, 31 of AAPG Memoirs",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Tulsa, OK, AAPG, p. 365-404",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Howell, D. G., and Normark, W. R., 1982, Sedimentology of submarine fans, in Scholle, P. A., and Spearing, D. R., eds., Sandstone depositional environments, 31 of AAPG Memoirs: Tulsa, OK, AAPG, p. 365-404.}"
}

@techreport{link1982sedimentology23,
    author = "Link, M. H. and Welton, J. E",
    title = "Sedimentology and reservoir potential of Matilija Sandstone",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "an Eocene sand-rich deep-sea fan and shallow marine complex, southern California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 1514-1534",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Link, M. H., and Welton, J. E., 1982, Sedimentology and reservoir potential of Matilija Sandstone: an Eocene sand-rich deep-sea fan and shallow marine complex, southern California: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 1514-1534.}"
}

@misc{tillman1982deep39,
    author = "Tillman, R. W. and Ali, S. A",
    title = "Deep water canyons, fans and facies",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "models for stratigraphic trap exploration, 26 of AAPG Reprint Series: Tulsa, OK, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 596 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Tillman, R. W., and Ali, S. A., 1982, Deep water canyons, fans and facies: models for stratigraphic trap exploration, 26 of AAPG Reprint Series: Tulsa, OK, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 596 p.}"
}

@book{bouma1986submarine11,
    author = "Bouma, A. and Normark, W. R. and Barnes, N. E",
    title = "Submarine fans and related turbidite systems",
    year = "1986",
    publisher = "New York, Springer Verlag, 351 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bouma, A., Normark, W. R., and Barnes, N. E., 1986, Submarine fans and related turbidite systems: New York, Springer Verlag, 351 p.}"
}

@article{bouma1992locations,
    author = "BOUMA, ARNOLD H., School of Geoscie",
    title = "Locations and Characteristics of Thin-Bedded Turbidites in Passive-Margin-Setting Submarine Fans",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/d9cb4d23-1715-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/d9cb4d23-1715-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    volume = "76"
}

Deep-water siliciclastic reservoirs are a major high potential play. As of December 1994, more than 170 wildcats have been drilled in the deep-water Gulf of Mexico with thirty announced discoveries. Already more than 2.2 BOE have been discovered in deep water gravity-flow sands of Gulf of Mexico slope basins. The initiation of subsalt exploration adds importance to understanding deep-water sands, because most of the potential reservoirs will be of gravity-flow origin. Additionally, recent large deep-water sand discoveries in the Paleogene of the North Sea and in the Tertiary of the western submarine slopes of Africa demonstrate the continued worldwide applicability of the turbidite play. This SEPM Core Workshop 20 on Turbidites and Associated Deep-Water Facies has been assembled to examine the sediment and rocks deposited within eight slope basins of the Gulf of Mexico. Turbidite is the most common word used to describe the sediment and rocks cored, but careful reading demonstrates that slumps, debris flows, high-density and low-density turbidites, and bottom-current reworked sediments are all recognized. These data sets are the focus of this SEPM Core Workshop and form the basis for evaluating different existing models and formulating new models for deposition of the deep-water Gulf of Mexico sands.

@misc{crossref1995turbidites,
    title = "Turbidites and Associated Deep-Water Facies",
    year = "1995",
    abstract = "Deep-water siliciclastic reservoirs are a major high potential play. As of December 1994, more than 170 wildcats have been drilled in the deep-water Gulf of Mexico with thirty announced discoveries. Already more than 2.2 BOE have been discovered in deep water gravity-flow sands of Gulf of Mexico slope basins. The initiation of subsalt exploration adds importance to understanding deep-water sands, because most of the potential reservoirs will be of gravity-flow origin. Additionally, recent large deep-water sand discoveries in the Paleogene of the North Sea and in the Tertiary of the western submarine slopes of Africa demonstrate the continued worldwide applicability of the turbidite play. This SEPM Core Workshop 20 on Turbidites and Associated Deep-Water Facies has been assembled to examine the sediment and rocks deposited within eight slope basins of the Gulf of Mexico. Turbidite is the most common word used to describe the sediment and rocks cored, but careful reading demonstrates that slumps, debris flows, high-density and low-density turbidites, and bottom-current reworked sediments are all recognized. These data sets are the focus of this SEPM Core Workshop and form the basis for evaluating different existing models and formulating new models for deposition of the deep-water Gulf of Mexico sands.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/cor.95.20",
    doi = "10.2110/cor.95.20"
}

@inproceedings{kuvaas1995submarine,
    author = "Kuvaas, B. and Kristoffersen, Y. and Leitchenkov, G.",
    title = "Submarine Fans at High Latitudes - Sedimentary Facies and Depositional Processes",
    year = "1995",
    booktitle = "Proceedings",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201409658",
    doi = "10.3997/2214-4609.201409658"
}

Economically important sedimentary-type stratiform Zn-Pb deposits exist in the Lower Silurian basinal facies of the Selwyn Basin along the Yukon-Northwest Territories border. Three major similar deposits have been defined to date, and are referred to collectively as the Howards Pass deposits. The Pre-Mesozoic history of the Howards Pass area was dominated by three major basin systems. During the Late Hadrynian to Early Cambrian the 'Grit Unit' was deposited as a clastic wedge with a western source area. Initially deep water turbidites were deposited but continued filling in of the basin led to shallow water deposition. During the Late Cambrian to Early Devonian the Rabbitkettle and Road River groups were deposited in the Selwyn Basin. The Selwyn Basin is defined by shallow water carbonates on the east and a general deep water environment to the west. The carbonates were succeeded by hemipelagic and pelagic organic-rich sediments with occasional terrigenous material deposited by geostrophic currents. Within the Selwyn Basin the Ordovician to the Early Silurian Howards Pass formation contains three major facies from east to west; a slope facies, a base of slope facies and a chert basin facies. The Howards Pass deposits occur in sub-basins in the base of slope facies. The third major basin system in the region was associated with uplift to the west and is represented by the Earn Group. In this later basin turbidity currents associated with submarine fans deposited clastic material derived from the uplifted centre of the Selwyn Basin and underlying rocks. Major barite deposits occur in the Earn Group. The individual Howards Pass deposits consist of complex saucer shaped bodies containing laminated to massive sulphides occurring in the Lower Silurian active member of the Howards Pass formation. The deposits are characterized by simple sulphide mineralogy, predominantly sphalerite, galena and pyrite. The sulphides in the deposits may be divided into six textural types which aid in characterizing the sulphides geologically and metallurgically. Types I, II, and III consist of laminated sulphides, types IV and V consist of laminated to massive sulphides and type VI consists of late diagentic concretionary sulphides. Types I thru V are associated with specific lithofacies in the active member. The Howards Pass deposits show characteristics common to stratiform-sedimentary deposits such as conformity with bedding, no obvious association with volcanic rocks, similar age of the three major associated deposits, single-stage Pb isotope systematics and association with organic-rich sedimentary rocks. In contrast differences between the Howards Pass deposits and other stratiform-sedimentary deposits, include deposition in a starved basin sedimentary environment, a lack of any associated feeder zone within 10 km, a lack of massive pyrite associated with the deposits, relatively low Ag and Cu associated with the deposits and a lack of bedded barite near the deposits. This datum suggests that the Howards Pass deposits are unique, and therefore a model is proposed which is relevant to the geologic setting. The most important part of the model is the synsedimentary deposition of Zn and Pb sulphides within sub-basins occurring at the base of slope of the eastern edge of the Selwyn Basin. The formation of biogenetic sulphide from sea water sulphate is suggested by the sulphur isotope data. This data also supports the existence of an ideal cycle of the active member and suggest a possible sub-basin evolution during an individual cycle. The origin of the metals in the deposit is not clear, but the association of volcanic tuffs near the shale-out at the eastern margin of the Selwyn basin suggests that warm fluids may have been expelled onto the sea floor, migrated down slope and collected in the topographically low sub-basins, or possibly compaction fluids may have been expelled directly into the sub-basins and concentrated during brine evolution. The abundant evidence for slumping and later folding and the possibility of both ordinary and more radiogenic Pb leads to the conclusion that post-depositional mobilization of both sediment and sulphide was important in the final location of Zn and Pb. Exploration for Howards Pass-type deposits, based on the above model, should emphasize the sedimentary nature of the deposits. Regional stratigraphic exploration should be aimed at defining major, platform-marginal, starved basins. The importance of defining the paleogeography, such as the base of slope and specific sub-basins, appears to be critical. This method emphasizes the petroleum methodology of looking for traps, although in the present case these are paleogeographic sulphide traps.

@misc{morganti2010the,
    author = "Morganti, John Michael",
    title = "The Geology and ore deposits of the Howards Pass Area, Yukon and Northwest Territories : the origin of basinal sedimentary stratiform sulphides deposits",
    year = "2010",
    publisher = "University of British Columbia",
    abstract = "Economically important sedimentary-type stratiform Zn-Pb deposits exist in the Lower Silurian basinal facies of the Selwyn Basin along the Yukon-Northwest Territories border. Three major similar deposits have been defined to date, and are referred to collectively as the Howards Pass deposits. The Pre-Mesozoic history of the Howards Pass area was dominated by three major basin systems. During the Late Hadrynian to Early Cambrian the 'Grit Unit' was deposited as a clastic wedge with a western source area. Initially deep water turbidites were deposited but continued filling in of the basin led to shallow water deposition. During the Late Cambrian to Early Devonian the Rabbitkettle and Road River groups were deposited in the Selwyn Basin. The Selwyn Basin is defined by shallow water carbonates on the east and a general deep water environment to the west. The carbonates were succeeded by hemipelagic and pelagic organic-rich sediments with occasional terrigenous material deposited by geostrophic currents. Within the Selwyn Basin the Ordovician to the Early Silurian Howards Pass formation contains three major facies from east to west; a slope facies, a base of slope facies and a chert basin facies. The Howards Pass deposits occur in sub-basins in the base of slope facies. The third major basin system in the region was associated with uplift to the west and is represented by the Earn Group. In this later basin turbidity currents associated with submarine fans deposited clastic material derived from the uplifted centre of the Selwyn Basin and underlying rocks. Major barite deposits occur in the Earn Group. The individual Howards Pass deposits consist of complex saucer shaped bodies containing laminated to massive sulphides occurring in the Lower Silurian active member of the Howards Pass formation. The deposits are characterized by simple sulphide mineralogy, predominantly sphalerite, galena and pyrite. The sulphides in the deposits may be divided into six textural types which aid in characterizing the sulphides geologically and metallurgically. Types I, II, and III consist of laminated sulphides, types IV and V consist of laminated to massive sulphides and type VI consists of late diagentic concretionary sulphides. Types I thru V are associated with specific lithofacies in the active member. The Howards Pass deposits show characteristics common to stratiform-sedimentary deposits such as conformity with bedding, no obvious association with volcanic rocks, similar age of the three major associated deposits, single-stage Pb isotope systematics and association with organic-rich sedimentary rocks. In contrast differences between the Howards Pass deposits and other stratiform-sedimentary deposits, include deposition in a starved basin sedimentary environment, a lack of any associated feeder zone within 10 km, a lack of massive pyrite associated with the deposits, relatively low Ag and Cu associated with the deposits and a lack of bedded barite near the deposits. This datum suggests that the Howards Pass deposits are unique, and therefore a model is proposed which is relevant to the geologic setting. The most important part of the model is the synsedimentary deposition of Zn and Pb sulphides within sub-basins occurring at the base of slope of the eastern edge of the Selwyn Basin. The formation of biogenetic sulphide from sea water sulphate is suggested by the sulphur isotope data. This data also supports the existence of an ideal cycle of the active member and suggest a possible sub-basin evolution during an individual cycle. The origin of the metals in the deposit is not clear, but the association of volcanic tuffs near the shale-out at the eastern margin of the Selwyn basin suggests that warm fluids may have been expelled onto the sea floor, migrated down slope and collected in the topographically low sub-basins, or possibly compaction fluids may have been expelled directly into the sub-basins and concentrated during brine evolution. The abundant evidence for slumping and later folding and the possibility of both ordinary and more radiogenic Pb leads to the conclusion that post-depositional mobilization of both sediment and sulphide was important in the final location of Zn and Pb. Exploration for Howards Pass-type deposits, based on the above model, should emphasize the sedimentary nature of the deposits. Regional stratigraphic exploration should be aimed at defining major, platform-marginal, starved basins. The importance of defining the paleogeography, such as the base of slope and specific sub-basins, appears to be critical. This method emphasizes the petroleum methodology of looking for traps, although in the present case these are paleogeographic sulphide traps.",
    url = "https://doi.library.ubc.ca/10.14288/1.0052838",
    doi = "10.14288/1.0052838"
}

@incollection{posamentier2011deepwater,
    author = "POSAMENTIER, HENRY W. and WALKER, ROGER G.",
    title = "Deep-Water Turbidites and Submarine Fans",
    year = "2011",
    booktitle = "Facies Models Revisited",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.06.84.0399",
    doi = "10.2110/pec.06.84.0399",
    pages = "399-520"
}