Turonian

@misc{ciuk1951weigel1,
    author = "Ciuk, E",
    title = {Weigel brunatny i ily ogniotrwale "Turow" w turoszowie},
    year = "1951",
    howpublished = "Biuletyn, Polski Instytut Geologia",
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ciuk, E., 1951, Weigel brunatny i ily ogniotrwale "Turow" w turoszowie: Biuletyn, Polski Instytut Geologia.}}
}

@misc{kauffman1965middle2,
    author = "Kauffman, E. G",
    title = "Middle and late Turonian oysters of the Lopha lugubris group",
    year = "1965",
    howpublished = "Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 148, no. 6, p. 1-92",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kauffman, E. G., 1965, Middle and late Turonian oysters of the Lopha lugubris group: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 148, no. 6, p. 1-92.}"
}

@misc{crossref1996formica,
    title = "Formica lugubris: Social Insects Specialist Group",
    year = "1996",
    booktitle = "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.1996.rlts.t8643a12924499.en",
    doi = "10.2305/iucn.uk.1996.rlts.t8643a12924499.en"
}

Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) estimates for the Middle Cretaceous (MK) have a range of >4000 ppm, which presents considerable uncertainty in understanding the possible causes of warmth for this interval. This paper examines the problem of MK greenhouse forcing from an inverse perspective: we estimate upper ocean water temperatures from oxygen isotope measurements of well‐preserved late Albian–Turonian planktonic foraminifera and compare these against temperatures predicted by general circulation model (GCM) experiments with CO 2 concentrations of 500–7500 ppm. At least 4500 ppm CO 2 is required to match maximum temperatures inferred from well‐preserved planktonic foraminifera. Approximately 900 ppm CO 2 produces a good match between the model and the minimum temperature estimates for the MK. An ocean model forced by these two extremes in surface conditions brackets nearly all available bottom water temperature estimates for this interval. The climate model results support nearly the entire range of MK CO 2 estimates from proxy data. The ocean model suggests possible MK oceanographic changes from deep water formation in the high latitude region of one hemisphere to the other hemisphere in response to changes in atmospheric temperatures and hydrologic cycle strength. We suggest that, rather than contradicting one another, the various proxy CO 2 techniques (especially those with high temporal resolution) may capture true variability in CO 2 concentrations and that MK CO 2 could have varied by several thousand ppm through this interval.

@article{bice2002possible,
    author = "Bice, Karen L. and Norris, Richard D.",
    title = "Possible atmospheric CO 2 extremes of the Middle Cretaceous (late Albian–Turonian)",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Paleoceanography",
    abstract = "Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) estimates for the Middle Cretaceous (MK) have a range of >4000 ppm, which presents considerable uncertainty in understanding the possible causes of warmth for this interval. This paper examines the problem of MK greenhouse forcing from an inverse perspective: we estimate upper ocean water temperatures from oxygen isotope measurements of well‐preserved late Albian–Turonian planktonic foraminifera and compare these against temperatures predicted by general circulation model (GCM) experiments with CO 2 concentrations of 500–7500 ppm. At least 4500 ppm CO 2 is required to match maximum temperatures inferred from well‐preserved planktonic foraminifera. Approximately 900 ppm CO 2 produces a good match between the model and the minimum temperature estimates for the MK. An ocean model forced by these two extremes in surface conditions brackets nearly all available bottom water temperature estimates for this interval. The climate model results support nearly the entire range of MK CO 2 estimates from proxy data. The ocean model suggests possible MK oceanographic changes from deep water formation in the high latitude region of one hemisphere to the other hemisphere in response to changes in atmospheric temperatures and hydrologic cycle strength. We suggest that, rather than contradicting one another, the various proxy CO 2 techniques (especially those with high temporal resolution) may capture true variability in CO 2 concentrations and that MK CO 2 could have varied by several thousand ppm through this interval.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2002pa000778",
    doi = "10.1029/2002pa000778",
    number = "4",
    volume = "17"
}

@misc{crossref2016mantidactylus,
    title = "Mantidactylus lugubris: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group",
    year = "2016",
    booktitle = "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t57496a84173405.en",
    doi = "10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t57496a84173405.en"
}

@incollection{cooper2018late,
    author = "Cooper, M. R.",
    title = "Late Turonian",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "The Cretaceous Fossils of South-Central Africa: an illustrated guide",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429442971-37",
    doi = "10.1201/9780429442971-37",
    pages = "122-123"
}

@article{kumar2018turonian,
    author = "Kumar, S. and Jaitly, A.K. and Pandey, B. and Pathak, D.B. and Gautam, J.P.",
    title = "Turonian (Late Cretaceous) Limids (Bivalve) from the Bagh Group, Central India",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/0971102320180107",
    doi = "10.1177/0971102320180107",
    number = "1",
    pages = "91-100",
    volume = "63"
}

@inproceedings{andpujana2019late,
    author = "Pujana, Ignacio and Stern, Robert and Geissman, J.W.",
    title = "LATE TURONIAN MICROMETEORITES FROM UPPER EAGLE FORD GROUP, NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-336566",
    doi = "10.1130/abs/2019am-336566"
}

@misc{crossref2021aneides,
    title = "Aneides lugubris: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t59118a53975004.en",
    doi = "10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t59118a53975004.en"
}

@article{takahashi2021a,
    author = "Takahashi, Masamichi and Herendeen, Patrick S. and Herrera, Fabiany and Hirayama, Ren and Ando, Hisao and Sasaki, Kazuhisa and Crane, Peter R.",
    title = "A New Assemblage of Plant Mesofossils (Late Turonian–Middle Santonian; Upper Cretaceous) from the Tamagawa Formation, Kuji Group, in Northeastern Japan",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Paleontological Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2517/2020pr015",
    doi = "10.2517/2020pr015",
    number = "2",
    volume = "25"
}

Microvertebrate assemblages of the Upper Cretaceous (late Cenomanian to mid-Turonian) Favel Formation of Manitoba are formally described for the first time. New vertebrate occurrences from the Favel Formation include the actinopterygians Caturidae indet., cf. Albulidae incertae sedis, Micropycnodon kansasensis, Pachyrhizodus minimus, Protosphyraena sp., Thryptodus loomisi, chondrichthyans Ischyrhiza cf. mira, I. texana, Ptychodus marginalis, P. occidentalis, and P. rhombodus, the avian cf. Ichthyornis sp., the reptile Testudines indet., and an unknown taxon referred to as Vertebrate A. Changes in faunal occurrences throughout the formation suggest an offshore open marine environment for the lower and middle horizons and nearshore marine for the upper horizon, represent ing mid- and late stages of the Greenhorn third-order marine cycle. This newly described diversity increases biogeographic affinities of the late Cenomanian to mid-Turonian vertebrate assemblages of Manitoba with central WIS localities in South Dakota and Kansas, providing additional support for a central vertebrate biogeographic subprovince during late Cenomanian to early Turonian times, as well as WIS localities further south in Texas decreasing the gradient of the north-south or central-south community boundary during early and mid-Turonian times.

@article{kilmury2023microvertebrate,
    author = "Kilmury, Aaron A. and Anderson, Aaron and Wijesinghe, Dhuranka S. and Verstraete, Ashley F. and Ezeana, William and Anderson, Ashley E. and Brink, Kirstin S.",
    title = "Microvertebrate faunal assemblages of the Favel Formation (late Cenomanian-middle Turonian) of Manitoba, Canada",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Microvertebrate assemblages of the Upper Cretaceous (late Cenomanian to mid-Turonian) Favel Formation of Manitoba are formally described for the first time. New vertebrate occurrences from the Favel Formation include the actinopterygians Caturidae indet., cf. Albulidae incertae sedis, Micropycnodon kansasensis, Pachyrhizodus minimus, Protosphyraena sp., Thryptodus loomisi, chondrichthyans Ischyrhiza cf. mira, I. texana, Ptychodus marginalis, P. occidentalis, and P. rhombodus, the avian cf. Ichthyornis sp., the reptile Testudines indet., and an unknown taxon referred to as Vertebrate A. Changes in faunal occurrences throughout the formation suggest an offshore open marine environment for the lower and middle horizons and nearshore marine for the upper horizon, represent ing mid- and late stages of the Greenhorn third-order marine cycle. This newly described diversity increases biogeographic affinities of the late Cenomanian to mid-Turonian vertebrate assemblages of Manitoba with central WIS localities in South Dakota and Kansas, providing additional support for a central vertebrate biogeographic subprovince during late Cenomanian to early Turonian times, as well as WIS localities further south in Texas decreasing the gradient of the north-south or central-south community boundary during early and mid-Turonian times.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15493",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.15493",
    pages = "e15493",
    volume = "11"
}

@article{niebuhr2025the,
    author = "Niebuhr, Birgit and Pürner, Thomas and Götz, Annette E. and Holzförster, Frank and Wilmsen, Markus",
    title = "The continental Hessenreuth Formation (Middle Turonian–Middle Coniacian, Danubian Cretaceous Group, Bavaria, Germany): syntectonic deposition during Late Cretaceous inversion",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/2024/0432",
    doi = "10.1127/zdgg/2024/0432",
    number = "4",
    pages = "627-657",
    volume = "175"
}