Vertebrates

@misc{gaskell1908the9,
    author = "Gaskell, W. H",
    title = "The Origin of Vertebrates",
    year = "1908",
    howpublished = "London, Longman",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gaskell, W. H., 1908, The Origin of Vertebrates: London, Longman.}"
}

@misc{goodrich1909vertebrata10,
    author = "Goodrich, E. S",
    title = "Vertebrata Craniata (First Fascicle",
    year = "1909",
    howpublished = "Cyclostomes and Fishes), IX of A Treatise on Zoology: London, Black",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Goodrich, E. S., 1909, Vertebrata Craniata (First Fascicle: Cyclostomes and Fishes), IX of A Treatise on Zoology: London, Black.}"
}

@misc{patten1912the26,
    author = "Patten, W",
    title = "The Evolution of the Vertebrates and Their Kin",
    year = "1912",
    howpublished = "London, Churchill",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Patten, W., 1912, The Evolution of the Vertebrates and Their Kin: London, Churchill.}"
}

@misc{osborn1929the23,
    author = "Osborn, H. F",
    title = "The titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska",
    year = "1929",
    howpublished = "United States Geological Survey, Monograph 55",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osborn, H. F., 1929, The titanotheres of ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska: United States Geological Survey, Monograph 55.}"
}

@misc{goodrich1930studies11,
    author = "Goodrich, E. S",
    title = "Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates",
    year = "1930",
    howpublished = "London, Macmillan",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Goodrich, E. S., 1930, Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates: London, Macmillan.}"
}

@article{gray1936studies12,
    author = "Gray, J",
    title = "Studies in animal locomotion VI. The propulsive powers of the dolphin",
    year = "1936",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 13, p. 192-199",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gray, J., 1936, Studies in animal locomotion VI. The propulsive powers of the dolphin: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 13, p. 192-199.}"
}

@misc{kappers1936the19,
    author = "Kappers, C. U. A. and Huber, G. C. and Crosby, E. C",
    title = "The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates, Including Man",
    year = "1936",
    howpublished = "New York, Macmillan; 2 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kappers, C. U. A., Huber, G. C., and Crosby, E. C., 1936, The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates, Including Man: New York, Macmillan; 2 Volumes.}"
}

@misc{scott1937a29,
    author = "Scott, W. B",
    title = "A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere [Rev. ed.]",
    year = "1937",
    howpublished = "New York, American Philosophical Society, 786 p.; Reprint: Hafner, New York",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Scott, W. B., 1937, A History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere [Rev. ed.]: New York, American Philosophical Society, 786 p.; Reprint: Hafner, New York.}"
}

@misc{walls1942the31,
    author = "Walls, G. L",
    title = "The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation",
    year = "1942",
    howpublished = "Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, The Cranbrook Institute of Science",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walls, G. L., 1942, The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation: Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, The Cranbrook Institute of Science.}"
}

@book{watson1949the32,
    author = "Watson, D. M. S",
    title = "The evidence afforded by fossil vertebrates on the nature of evolution, in Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G., and Mayr, E., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution",
    year = "1949",
    publisher = "Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 45-63; 474 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Watson, D. M. S., 1949, The evidence afforded by fossil vertebrates on the nature of evolution, in Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G., and Mayr, E., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution: Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 45-63; 474 p.}"
}

@book{wood1949evolutionary33,
    author = "Wood, H. E. and II",
    title = "Evolutionary rates and trends in rhinoceroses, in Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G., and Mayr, E., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution",
    year = "1949",
    publisher = "Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 185-189; 474 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wood, H. E., II, 1949, Evolutionary rates and trends in rhinoceroses, in Jepsen, G. L., Simpson, G. G., and Mayr, E., eds., Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution: Princeton, Princeton University Press, p. 185-189; 474 p.}"
}

@book{berrill1955the3,
    author = "Berrill, N. J",
    title = "The Origin of the Vertebrates",
    year = "1955",
    publisher = "Oxford, Claredon Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berrill, N. J., 1955, The Origin of the Vertebrates: Oxford, Claredon Press.}"
}

@misc{gray1968animal13,
    author = "Gray, J",
    title = "Animal Locomotion",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "London, Weidenfield and Nicolson",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gray, J., 1968, Animal Locomotion: London, Weidenfield and Nicolson.}"
}

@book{colbert1969evolution6,
    author = "Colbert, E. H",
    title = "Evolution of the Vertebrates [2nd ed.]",
    year = "1969",
    publisher = "New York, Wiley, 535 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Colbert, E. H., 1969, Evolution of the Vertebrates [2nd ed.]: New York, Wiley, 535 p.}"
}

@book{hoffstetter1969vertebrae14,
    author = "Hoffstetter, R. and Gasc, J.-P",
    title = "Vertebrae and Ribs of Modern Reptiles, in Gans, C., ed., Biology of the Reptilia",
    year = "1969",
    publisher = "London and New York, Academic Press, v. 1 (Morphology A), p. 201-310",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hoffstetter, R., and Gasc, J.-P., 1969, Vertebrae and Ribs of Modern Reptiles, in Gans, C., ed., Biology of the Reptilia: London and New York, Academic Press, v. 1 (Morphology A), p. 201-310.}"
}

@book{bentley1971endocrines2,
    author = "Bentley, P. J",
    title = "Endocrines and Osmoregulation. A Comparative Account of Regulation of Water and Salt in Vertebrates",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "Berlin, Springer",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bentley, P. J., 1971, Endocrines and Osmoregulation. A Comparative Account of Regulation of Water and Salt in Vertebrates: Berlin, Springer.}"
}

@book{olson1971vertebrate22,
    author = "Olson, E. C",
    title = "Vertebrate Paleozoology",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "New York, Wiley-Interscience, 839 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Olson, E. C., 1971, Vertebrate Paleozoology: New York, Wiley-Interscience, 839 p.}"
}

@book{brein1974general5,
    author = "Brein, P",
    title = "General Chacteristics and Evolution of Craniata or Vertebrates, in Florkin, M., and Scheer, B. T., eds., Chemical Zoology",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, v. VIII, p. 99-146",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brein, P., 1974, General Chacteristics and Evolution of Craniata or Vertebrates, in Florkin, M., and Scheer, B. T., eds., Chemical Zoology: London, Academic Press, v. VIII, p. 99-146.}"
}

@article{young1974the34,
    author = "Young, J. Z",
    title = "The George Bidder Lecture 1973. Brains and worlds",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "the cerebral cosmologies: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 61, p. 5-17",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Young, J. Z., 1974, The George Bidder Lecture 1973. Brains and worlds: the cerebral cosmologies: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 61, p. 5-17.}"
}

@book{alexander1975the1,
    author = "Alexander, R. McN",
    title = "The Chordates",
    year = "1975",
    publisher = "London, Cambridge University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Alexander, R. McN., 1975, The Chordates: London, Cambridge University Press.}"
}

@article{blight1977the4,
    author = "Blight, A. R",
    title = "The muscular control of vertebrate swimming motions",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Biological Reviews, v. 52, p. 181-218",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Blight, A. R., 1977, The muscular control of vertebrate swimming motions: Biological Reviews, v. 52, p. 181-218.}"
}

@misc{jollie1977segmentation18,
    author = "Jollie, M. T",
    title = "Segmentation of the vertebrate head",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 323-333",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jollie, M. T., 1977, Segmentation of the vertebrate head: American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 323-333.}"
}

@book{jarvick1980198115,
    author = "Jarvick, E",
    title = "1981, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press; 2 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jarvick, E., 1980, 1981, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates: London, Academic Press; 2 Volumes.}"
}

@book{jarvik1980198116,
    author = "Jarvik, E",
    title = "1981, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press; 2 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jarvik, E., 1980, 1981, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates: London, Academic Press; 2 Volumes.}"
}

@book{panchen1980the24,
    author = "Panchen, A. L",
    title = "The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "New York, Academic Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Panchen, A. L., 1980, The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates: New York, Academic Press.}"
}

@incollection{patterson1980origin27,
    author = "Patterson, C",
    editor = "Panchen, A. L.",
    title = "Origin of Tetrapods: Historical Introduction of the Problem",
    year = "1980",
    booktitle = "The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Patterson, C., 1980, Origin of Tetrapods: Historical Introduction of the Problem, in Panchen, A. L., ed., The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates: London, Academic Press.}"
}

@book{thompson1980the30,
    author = "Thompson, K. S",
    title = "The Ecology of the Lobe-Finned Fishes, in Panchen, A. L., ed., The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Thompson, K. S., 1980, The Ecology of the Lobe-Finned Fishes, in Panchen, A. L., ed., The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates: London, Academic Press.}"
}

@misc{day1981vertebrate7,
    author = "Day, M. H",
    title = "Vertebrate Locomotion, 48 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "London, Zoological Society of London",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Day, M. H., 1981, Vertebrate Locomotion, 48 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London: London, Zoological Society of London.}"
}

@misc{lewin1983how21,
    author = "Lewin, R",
    title = "How did vertebrates take to the air?",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 221, p. 38- 39",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lewin, R., 1983, How did vertebrates take to the air?: Science, v. 221, p. 38- 39.}"
}

@misc{gagnier1986first8,
    author = "Gagnier, P.-Y. and Blieck, A. R. M. and Rodrigo, G",
    title = "First Ordovician vertebrate from South America",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Geobios, v. 19, p. 629-634",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gagnier, P.-Y., Blieck, A. R. M., and Rodrigo, G., 1986, First Ordovician vertebrate from South America: Geobios, v. 19, p. 629-634.}"
}

@misc{jefferies1986the17,
    author = "Jefferies, R. P. S",
    title = "The Ancestry of the Vertebrates",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "London, British Museum (Natural History)",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jefferies, R. P. S., 1986, The Ancestry of the Vertebrates: London, British Museum (Natural History).}"
}

@misc{parrish1987cretaceous25,
    author = "Parrish, J. T. et al",
    title = "Cretaceous vertebrates from Alaska - implications for dinosaur ecology",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 5, p. 326; Abstracts, 40th Annual Meeting, Rocky Mountain Section, GSA",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parrish, J. T. et al., 1987, Cretaceous vertebrates from Alaska - implications for dinosaur ecology: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 5, p. 326; Abstracts, 40th Annual Meeting, Rocky Mountain Section, GSA.}"
}

@misc{leipzig1990principles20,
    author = "Leipzig, M. R",
    title = "Principles of Vertebrate Paleopathology [Exclusive of Paleoanthropology] [1st ed.]",
    year = "1990",
    howpublished = "Philadelphia, Pa., Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 912 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Leipzig, M. R., 1990, Principles of Vertebrate Paleopathology [Exclusive of Paleoanthropology] [1st ed.]: Philadelphia, Pa., Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 912 p.}"
}

@article{poliakov2012origin,
    author = "Poliakov, Eugenia and Gubin, Alexander N. and Stearn, Olivia and Li, Yan and Campos, Maria Mercedes and Gentleman, Susan and Rogozin, Igor B. and Redmond, T. Michael",
    title = "Origin and Evolution of Retinoid Isomerization Machinery in Vertebrate Visual Cycle: Hint from Jawless Vertebrates",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049975",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0049975",
    number = "11",
    pages = "e49975",
    volume = "7"
}

@incollection{clack2016land,
    author = "Clack, J.A.",
    title = "Land Vertebrates, the Origin and Evolution of",
    year = "2016",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00276-6",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00276-6",
    pages = "296-304"
}

The mechanisms of the pectoral girdle transformation at the origin of terrestrial locomotion in vertebrates remain an outstanding problem. The loss of intramembranous bones and the enlargement of endochondral bones resulted in the disarticulation of the pectoral girdle from the skull and the formation of the neck during the fish-to-tetrapod transition. Despite the functional implications of this skeletal shift in the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the underlying genetic-developmental alterations have remained enigmatic. Here, we show that in zebrafish pectoral girdle mesodermal cells expressing gli3, a transcription factor gene in the Hedgehog signaling pathway, differentiate into both intramembranous and endochondral bones. Intriguingly, Gli and Hedgehog compound knockout fish exhibited an unexpected combination of actinopterygian fish and stem-tetrapod pectoral girdle characteristics. These ontogenetic and anatomical data suggest that a trade-off between the two distinct ossification pathways is a deeply embedded developmental program in bony fishes and that tuning of this trade-off can generate novel pectoral girdle akin to those of stem-tetrapods at the dawn of vertebrate terrestrialization.

@article{doi101038s4146702560236z,
    author = "Wei, Janet and Wood, Thomas W P and Flaherty, Kathleen and Fitch, Olivia E and Ali, Shahid and Enny, Alyssa and Andrescavage, Ali and Brazer, Danielle and Navon, Dina and Cohen, Hannah E and Gordon, Derek and Shanabag, Anusha and Kuroda, Shunya and Stewart, Thomas A and Braasch, Ingo and Nakamura, Tetsuya",
    title = "Distinct ossification trade-offs illuminate the shoulder girdle reconfiguration at the water-to-land transition.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Nature communications",
    abstract = "The mechanisms of the pectoral girdle transformation at the origin of terrestrial locomotion in vertebrates remain an outstanding problem. The loss of intramembranous bones and the enlargement of endochondral bones resulted in the disarticulation of the pectoral girdle from the skull and the formation of the neck during the fish-to-tetrapod transition. Despite the functional implications of this skeletal shift in the emergence of terrestrial vertebrates, the underlying genetic-developmental alterations have remained enigmatic. Here, we show that in zebrafish pectoral girdle mesodermal cells expressing gli3, a transcription factor gene in the Hedgehog signaling pathway, differentiate into both intramembranous and endochondral bones. Intriguingly, Gli and Hedgehog compound knockout fish exhibited an unexpected combination of actinopterygian fish and stem-tetrapod pectoral girdle characteristics. These ontogenetic and anatomical data suggest that a trade-off between the two distinct ossification pathways is a deeply embedded developmental program in bony fishes and that tuning of this trade-off can generate novel pectoral girdle akin to those of stem-tetrapods at the dawn of vertebrate terrestrialization.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12122719/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-025-60236-z",
    pmcid = "PMC12122719",
    pmid = "40442084"
}