Graptolithen

@article{lyburn1916economic,
    author = "LYBURN, E. ST. JOHN",
    title = "Economic Geology and an Imperial Bureau of Scientific Intelligence",
    year = "1916",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/097380c0",
    doi = "10.1038/097380c0",
    number = "2436",
    openalex = "W2136246119",
    pages = "380-380",
    volume = "97"
}

@article{elles1922the,
    author = "Elles, Gertrude L.",
    title = "The graptolite faunas of the British Isles",
    year = "1922",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Geologists' Association",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(22)80007-9",
    doi = "10.1016/s0016-7878(22)80007-9",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2090934660",
    pages = "168-IN1",
    volume = "33"
}

@article{lindström1957two,
    author = "Lindström, Maurits",
    title = "Two Ordovician Conodont Faunas found with Zonal Graptolites",
    year = "1957",
    journal = "Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/11035895709447171",
    doi = "10.1080/11035895709447171",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2050541876",
    pages = "161-178",
    volume = "79",
    references = "doi101017s0016756800073131, doi101017s0016756800074513, doi10108011035895109452863, doi10108011035895209454161, doi10108011035895309454852, doi10108011035895409453581, doi10108011035895509453602, doi101098rstb19530005, doi101130gsab46125, openalexw2613872405"
}

@book{berry1960graptolite1,
    author = "Berry, W. B. N",
    title = "Graptolithenfaunen der Marathon-Region, West-Texas, Veröffentlichung 6005 des University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology",
    year = "1960",
    publisher = "Austin, Texas, 179 S",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berry, W. B. N., 1960, Graptolithenfaunen der Marathon-Region, West-Texas, Veröffentlichung 6005 des University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology: Austin, Texas, 179 S.}"
}

@misc{bulman1970graptolithina2,
    author = "Bulman, O. M. B",
    title = "Graptolithina, 2nd. ed., p. V1-V163, in Teichert, C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology [2nd ed.]",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "p. V1-V163",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bulman, O. M. B., 1970, Graptolithina, 2nd. ed., p. V1-V163, in Teichert, C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology [2nd ed.]: p. V1-V163.}"
}

@article{beavis1975ordovician,
    author = "Beavis, F. C.",
    title = "Ordovician Graptolithenfaunen in Australien",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Journal of the Geological Society of Australia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00167617508728910",
    doi = "10.1080/00167617508728910",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W1986806897",
    pages = "447-455",
    volume = "22",
    references = "elles1922the"
}

@article{kouda1983bureau,
    author = "KOUDA, Ryoichi",
    title = "Bureau of Economic Geology-Texas University (1)-",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3720/japt.48.190",
    doi = "10.3720/japt.48.190",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W1485481960",
    pages = "190-194",
    volume = "48"
}

Zusammenfassung Die Konstruktion der Graptolithen-Periderm wird diskutiert, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die rivalisierenden extra-thecal Gewebe (Sekretion) und Pterobranch (Mörtel) Modelle, und es wird geschlossen, dass nur das erstere Modell den beobachteten Strukturen entspricht. Beweise aus einer Reihe von Retioliten-Graptoloide zeigen, dass sie ebenfalls eine kontinuierliche Periderm haben und auf ähnliche Weise konstruiert wurden.

@article{bates1986mode,
    author = "Bates, D. E. B. and Kirk, N. H.",
    title = "Mode of secretion of graptolite periderm, in normal and retiolite graptolites",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Geological Society, London, Special Publications",
    abstract = "Summary The construction of graptolite periderm is discussed with particular reference to the rival extra-thecal tissue (secretion) and pterobranch (mortaring) models, and it is concluded that only the former model fits the observed structures. Evidence from a number of retiolite graptoloids demonstrates that they also have a continuous periderm, and were constructed in a similar manner.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.020.01.23",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.020.01.23",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2037716101",
    pages = "221-236",
    volume = "20",
    references = "doi101007bf02985886, doi101007bf02986602, doi101017s0016756800065638, doi101111j1469185x1975tb01059x, doi101111j150239311974tb00887x, doi105479si00810266201, openalexw2102242747, openalexw3025073342, openalexw779408441, openalexw876491636"
}

Die Biostratigraphie der Graptolithen des oberen Silur und des unteren Devon der nördlichen kanadischen Kordillere wird im Lichte neuer Daten revidiert. Die Zonen, in chronologischer Reihenfolge von ältesten zu jüngsten aufgeführt, sind Lobograptus progenitor, Saetograptus fritschi linearis und Bohemograptus bohemicus tenuis: Ludlow; Monograptus formosus, Pristiograptus ultimus, Pristiograptus chelmiensis, Monograptus bouceki und Pristiograptus transgrediens praecipuus: Pridoli; Monograptus uniformis und M. hercynicus: Lochkov; sowie Monograptus falcarius?, M. fanicus, M. thomasi? und M. yukonensis: Prag. Die folgenden Taxa, einschließlich neuer Arten, werden beschrieben: Pristiograptus separabilis Teller, Pseudomonoclimacis tetlitensis n. sp., P. richardsonensis n. sp., P.? bispinosus n. sp., Monograptus ceratus n. sp., M. aequabilis bardoensis Porebska, M. cf. anerosus Koren', M. fanicus Koren', M. hercynicus hercynicus Perner, M. uniformis parangustidens Jackson und Lenz, Saetograptus fritschi linearis (Bouček) und Abiesgraptus? sp.

@article{doi101139e88039,
    author = "Lenz, Alfred C.",
    title = "Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian graptolites and graptolite biostratigraphy, northern Yukon, Canada",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian graptolite biostratigraphy of the northern Canadian Cordillera is revised in the light of new data. The zones, listed in order of oldest to youngest, are Lobograptus progenitor, Saetograptus fritschi linearis, and Bohemograptus bohemicus tenuis: Ludlow; Monograptus formosus, Pristiograptus ultimus, Pristiograptus chelmiensis, Monograptus bouceki, and Pristiograptus transgrediens praecipuus: Pridoli; Monograptus uniformis and M. hercynicus: Lochkov; and Monograptus falcarius?, M. fanicus, M. thomasi?, and M. yukonensis: Prag.The following taxa, inclusive of new species, are described: Pristiograptus separabilis Teller, Pseudomonoclimacis tetlitensis n. sp., P. richardsonensis n. sp., P.? bispinosus n. sp., Monograptus ceratus n. sp., M. aequabilis bardoensis Porebska, M. cf. anerosus Koren', M. fanicus Koren', M. hercynicus hercynicus Perner, M. uniformis parangustidens Jackson and Lenz, Saetograptus fritschi linearis (Bouček), and Abiesgraptus? sp.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e88-039",
    doi = "10.1139/e88-039",
    openalex = "W2157305392"
}

Die Integration von Graptolithendaten, die aus isoliertem und abgeflachtem Material aus dem arktischen Kanada gewonnen wurden, ermöglicht die Erkennung von drei oberen Homerian-Biostratigraphie-Zonen. Diese, von ältesten bis jüngsten, sind die Pristiograptus dubius – Gothograptus "nassa" Intervall-Biozone, Colonograptus? praedeubeli – Colonograptus? deubeli Biozone und Colonograptus? ludensis Biozone. Arten von abgeflachten Graptolithen, die in dieser Studie beschrieben werden, umfassen C.? deubeli, C.? ludensis, C.? praedeubeli, Colonograptus? schedidoneus, Lobograptus? angustus n.sp., Lobograptus? claudiae, Lobograptus? sherrardae, Plectograptus macilentus, Agastograptus clathrospinosus und Gothograptus "nassa." Mit nur wenigen Ausnahmen ist die Zone-für-Zone-Diversität der Monograptiden und Plectograptinen-Graptolithen des kanadischen Arktis bemerkenswert ähnlich zu der andererorts.

@article{lenz1995upper,
    author = "Lenz, Alfred C.",
    title = "Upper Homerian (Wenlock, Silurisch) Graptolithen und Graptolithen-Biostratigraphie, Archipelag der Arktis, Kanada",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = {Integration of graptolite data obtained from isolated and flattened material from Arctic Canada permits the recognition of three upper Homerian biostratigraphic zones. These, from oldest to youngest, are the Pristiograptus dubius – Gothograptus "nassa" interval Biozone, Colonograptus? praedeubeli – Colonograptus? deubeli Biozone, and Colonograptus? ludensis Biozone. Species of flattened graptolites described in this study include C.? deubeli, C.? ludensis, C.? praedeubeli, Colonograptus? schedidoneus,Lobograptus? angustus n.sp., Lobograptus? claudiae, Lobograptus? sherrardae, Plectograptus macilentus, Agastograptus clathrospinosus, and Gothograptus "nassa." With only a few exceptions, the zone-by-zone diversity of monograptid and plectograptine graptolites of the Canadian Arctic is remarkably similar to that elsewhere.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-111",
    doi = "10.1139/e95-111",
    number = "9",
    openalex = "W2059777415",
    pages = "1378-1392",
    volume = "32",
    references = "doi101002gj3350110205, doi101002gj3350290204, doi101017s0263593300005320, doi101111j150239311987tb02055x, doi101127njgpa1821991303, doi101306st6398c26, doi103176geol1991206, openalexw2097059819, openalexw648338226, openalexw876491636"
}

Lazarus-Taxa gelten als Endglieder eines gemeinsamen Phänomens, und ihre Nützlichkeit wird bezweifelt. Massenaussterben werden von einer kleinen Anzahl evolutionärer Linien überstanden, die während der Erholungsphase zu einem Anstieg der Biodiversität führen; und von einer kleinen Anzahl von Arten, die in geografisch kleinen, isolierten Rückzugsorten überlebten, vielleicht am Rand der Hauptumgebung in der Krise. Rückzugsorte können Reliktfaunen hervorbringen, wie im Fall der frühen Ludlow-Graptolithen von Neusüdwales, Australien, aber die meisten Elemente einer Reliktfauna sind evolutionär gesehen kurzlebig.

@article{rickards2002lazarus,
    author = "RICKARDS, R. B. und WRIGHT, A. J.",
    title = "Lazarus taxa, refugia and relict faunas: evidence from graptolites",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "Lazarus taxa are considered to be end members of a common phenomenon and their usefulness is questioned. Mass extinctions are survived by a small number of evolutionary lineages, which give rise to the increase in biodiversity during the recovery phase; and by a small number of species which survived in geographically small, isolated refugia, perhaps marginal to the main environment in crisis. Refugia may give rise to relict faunas, as in the case of early Ludlow graptolites of New South Wales, Australia, but most elements of a relict fauna are short-lived in evolutionary terms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764901058",
    doi = "10.1144/0016-764901058",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W1999225459",
    pages = "1-4",
    volume = "159",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300007776, doi10103835004564, doi10108010292389309380442, doi101093oso97801985491780010001, doi101126science2314734129, doi101144gsjgs15630453, doi1023072413376, doi1023073515466, openalexw1522518756, openalexw658437845"
}

Die früh-devonische Graptolithenfauna der Arktischen Inseln umfasst den höchsten Artengehalt (17 Arten) weltweit. Trotz dieser Vielfalt wurden keine neuen Arten erkannt; stattdessen deuten bereits existierende Arten, die um die damals bekannten Kontinente verstreut sind, darauf hin, dass für Graptolithen ein relativ vollständiger kosmopolitischer Verbreitungsmuster herrschte. Die kanadische arktische Biozonierung ist sehr ähnlich zu Schemata an anderer Stelle und besteht aus den uniformis- und hercynicus-Biozonen im Lochkovium, falcarius im unteren Pragian und einer erweiterten yukonensis-Biozone im oberen Pragian und im unteren Emsium. Drei Gattungen und 17 Arten werden anerkannt: „Monograptus“ (microdon cf. microdon, microdon curvatus); Neomonograptus (cf. atopus, aequabilis, bardoensis, falcarius, notoaequabilis); und Uncinatograptus (birchensis, craigensis, hercynicus, langgunensis, parangustidens, subhercynicus, telleri, thomasi, uniformis, yukonensis).

@article{lenz2013early,
    author = "Lenz, Alfred C.",
    title = "Early Devonian graptolites and graptolite biostratigraphy, Arctic Islands, Canada",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The Early Devonian graptolite fauna of the Arctic Islands comprises the highest species content (17 species) in the world. In spite of this richness, no new species have been recognized; instead already-existing species, scattered around the then-known continents, suggest that relatively complete cosmopolitanism held sway for graptolites. Canadian Arctic biozonation is very similar to schemes elsewhere, consisting of the uniformis and hercynicus biozones in the Lochkovian, falcarius in the lower Pragian, and an expanded yukonensis Biozone in the upper Pragian and the lower Emsian. Three genera and 17 species are recognized: “Monograptus” (microdon cf. microdon, microdon curvatus); Neomonograptus (cf. atopus, aequabilis, bardoensis, falcarius, notoaequabilis); and Uncinatograptus (birchensis, craigensis, hercynicus, langgunensis, parangustidens, subhercynicus, telleri, thomasi, uniformis, yukonensis).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0057",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2013-0057",
    number = "11",
    openalex = "W1843710198",
    pages = "1097-1115",
    volume = "50",
    references = "doi101016s0031018297000485, doi101038210356c0, doi101111j150239311996tb01837x, doi101130001676061971823263tacooe20co2, doi1011399780660193267, doi101139e88039, doi101306bc74375716be11d78645000102c1865d, openalexw1551600472, openalexw2751580477, openalexw648338226"
}