Unterbrochene Gleichgewichte

@misc{eldredge1972punctuated2,
    author = "Eldredge, N. und Gould, S. J",
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism, in Schopf, T. M., ed., Models in Paleobiology: San Francisco, Freeman, Cooper, \& Co., p. 82-115; 250 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., und Gould, S. J., 1972, Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism, in Schopf, T. M., ed., Models in Paleobiology: San Francisco, Freeman, Cooper, \& Co., p. 82-115; 250 pp.}"
}

@misc{eldredge1972punctuated3,
    author = "Eldredge, N. und Gould, S. J",
    title = "Punctuierte Gleichgewichte",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Eine Alternative zum phyletischen Gradualismus, in Eldredge, N., hg., Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium (1985): New York, Simon and Schuster, S. 193-223",
    note = "talkorigins_source = {true}; raw_reference = {Eldredge, N., und Gould, S. J., 1972, Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism, in Eldredge, N., ed., Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium (1985): New York, Simon and Schuster, p. 193-223.}"
}

@misc{gould1977punctuated5,
    author = "Gould, S. J. und Eldredge, N",
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered: Paleobiology, v. 3, p. 115-151",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., und Eldredge, N., 1977, Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered: Paleobiology, v. 3, p. 115-151.}"
}

@misc{stanley1978chronospecies7,
    author = "Stanley, S. M",
    title = "Chronospecies' longevities, the origin of genera, and the punctuational model of Evolution",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Paleobiology, v. 4, p. 26-40",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stanley, S. M., 1978, Chronospecies' longevities, the origin of genera, and the punctuational model of Evolution: Paleobiology, v. 4, p. 26-40.}"
}

@article{lindsay1982punctuated,
    author = "Lindsay, D.W.",
    title = "Punctuated equilibria and punctuated environments",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/296611a0",
    doi = "10.1038/296611a0",
    number = "5858",
    pages = "611-611",
    volume = "296"
}

@article{rhodes1983gradualism,
    author = "Rhodes, Frank H.T.",
    title = "Gradualismus, unterbrochene Gleichgewichte und der Ursprung der Arten",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/305269a0",
    doi = "10.1038/305269a0",
    number = "5932",
    pages = "269-272",
    volume = "305"
}

@book{gould1984toward4,
    author = "Gould, S. J",
    title = "Toward the Vindication of Punctuational Change, in Berggren, W. A., und Van Couvering, J. A., Hgg., Katastrophen und Erdgeschichte",
    year = "1984",
    publisher = "The New Uniformitarianism: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, S. 9-34",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., 1984, Toward the Vindication of Punctuational Change, in Berggren, W. A., und Van Couvering, J. A., Hgg., Katastrophen und Erdgeschichte: The New Uniformitarianism: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, S. 9-34.}"
}

@misc{eldredge1985time1,
    author = "Eldredge, N",
    title = "Time Frames",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria: New York, Simon and Schuster",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., 1985, Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria: New York, Simon and Schuster.}"
}

@misc{sonleitner1987the6,
    author = "Sonleitner, F. J",
    title = "The Origin of Species by Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Creation/Evolution, v. 20, p. 24-30",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sonleitner, F. J., 1987, The Origin of Species by Punctuated Equilibria: Creation/Evolution, v. 20, p. 24-30.}"
}

@article{lieberman2008punctuated,
    author = "Lieberman, Bruce und Eldredge, Niles",
    title = "Punctuated equilibria",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Scholarpedia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.3806",
    doi = "10.4249/scholarpedia.3806",
    number = "1",
    pages = "3806",
    volume = "3"
}

Die Erklärung des Ursprungs und der Aufrechterhaltung der Biodiversität ist entscheidend für das Verständnis der potenziellen Folgen des gegenwärtigen Umweltwandels für ökologische Gemeinschaften sowie der evolutionären Geschichte von Ökosystemen in der Vergangenheit der Erde. Viel Aufwand in der theoretischen Ökologie hat sich darauf konzentriert, Mechanismen zu identifizieren, die ein stabiles Koexistieren von Arten im Gleichgewicht fördern. Allerdings haben in einem Konsumenten-Ressourcen-Modell der Konkurrenz entlang eines Umweltgradienten hochdiverse Assemblagen das Potenzial, in Nicht-Gleichgewichtszuständen über Millionen von Generationen mit sehr wenig Artenverlust zu persistieren. Die Populationen von Arten in solchen kompetitiv akkommodierten Gemeinschaften zeigen eine langsame Drift; wenn gestört, reorganisieren sie sich schnell in alternative persistente Zustände. Fossilbeispiele für verlängerte ökologische Stabilität von 1-5 Myr, unterbrochen durch schnelle Reorganisation (z.B. Brachiopoden aus dem Permian Reef von West-Texas), deuten darauf hin, dass einige Paläogemeinschaften einen Bericht über periodisch gestörte transiente Zustände darstellen, anstatt stabile Gleichgewichte. Die Ähnlichkeit zwischen den hier berichteten theoretischen Ergebnissen und paläontologischen Daten legt nahe, dass die Aufrechterhaltung von Hochdiversitäts-Gemeinschaften sowohl in der Vergangenheit als auch in der Gegenwart langandauernde, nicht-gleichgewichtige transiente Dynamiken widerspiegeln könnte. Wenn dies der Fall ist, hat dies Auswirkungen auf die Reaktion solcher Gemeinschaften auf den gegenwärtigen Umweltwandel sowie auf die Evolution von Linien in solchen Systemen.

@article{doi101098rspb20110936,
    author = "Olszewski, Thomas D",
    title = "Persistence of high diversity in non-equilibrium ecological communities: implications for modern and fossil ecosystems.",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Proceedings. Biological sciences",
    abstract = "Explaining the origin and maintenance of biodiversity is critical for understanding the potential consequences of present-day environmental change on ecological communities, as well as the evolutionary history of ecosystems in the Earth's past. Much effort in theoretical ecology has focused on identifying mechanisms that promote stable coexistence of species at equilibrium. However, in a consumer-resource model of competition along an environmental gradient, high-diversity assemblages have the potential to persist in non-equilibrium states for millions of generations with very little species loss. Species' populations in such competitively accommodated communities show slow drift; if disrupted, they rapidly reorganize into alternative persistent states. Fossil examples of prolonged ecological stability lasting 1-5 Myr punctuated by rapid reorganization (e.g. brachiopods from the Permian Reef of west Texas) suggest that some palaeocommunities represent a record of periodically disrupted transient states rather than stable equilibria. The similarity between the theoretical results reported here and palaeontological data suggests that the maintenance of high-diversity communities, both in the past and present, may reflect long-duration, non-equilibrium transient dynamics. If so, this has implications for the response of such communities to present-day environmental change, as well as for the evolution of lineages in such systems.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3223685/",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2011.0936",
    pmcid = "PMC3223685",
    pmid = "21653592"
}

@misc{crossref2014punctuated,
    title = "PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIA",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Environmental Change",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446247501.n3149",
    doi = "10.4135/9781446247501.n3149"
}

@incollection{eldredge2015punctuated,
    author = "Eldredge, Niles",
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "Eternal Ephemera",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231153164.003.0006",
    doi = "10.7312/columbia/9780231153164.003.0006",
    pages = "219-276"
}

@incollection{crossref2021punctuated,
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "Encyclopädisches Wörterbuch der Archäologie",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0\_161119",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0\_161119",
    pages = "1115-1115"
}

@inproceedings{andnewman2022punctuated,
    author = "Newman, Stuart",
    title = "PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIA AND THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENT",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-377247",
    doi = "10.1130/abs/2022am-377247"
}

@incollection{crossref2025punctuated,
    title = "Punctuated Equilibria",
    year = "2025",
    booktitle = "Punctuated Equilibria und sino-amerikanische Beziehungen",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009634502.003",
    doi = "10.1017/9781009634502.003",
    pages = "20-53"
}