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The Talk.Origins Archive: Exploring the Creation/Evolution Controversy

Feedback for February 2004

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Response: Thank you for catching that. I have revised CE260.1 to correct the inconsistency, and upgraded CE421 in the process.
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Author of: Evolution and Philosophy
Response: There is a human timescale and the timescale that the earth and its life moves at. When massive extinctions occur, it can take ten million years to replenish the biodiversity to its previous levels. It does happen, and of course would happen unless every living thing were annihilated, but that is of no account to us.

I suggest you read one or more of the following books, written by leading evolutionary biologists:

Eldredge, Niles. 1995. Dominion. New York: H. Holt.

---. 1998. Life in the balance : humanity and the biodiversity crisis. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

---. 2002. Life on earth : an encyclopedia of biodiversity, ecology, and evolution. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.

Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L., Don E. Wilson, and Edward O. Wilson. 1997. Biodiversity II : understanding and protecting our biological resources. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press.

Wilson, Edward O. 1999. The diversity of life. New ed, Questions of science. New York: W. W. Norton.

---. 2002. The future of life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Wilson, Edward O., Frances M. Peter, National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), and Smithsonian Institution. 1988. Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

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Response: As of February 5, it is now back for November and December. Wesley Elsberry, who maintains this section, was moving and did not have access to update it. We have nailed Wes' feet to the floor and told him he can never leave his computer again, so it won't happen again. Your addictions shall be assuaged.

Have you thought of reading books? Terry Pratchett is enjoyed by many.

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Response: I wrote the FAQ on Punctuated Equilibria, and I'm certainly not attempting "to escape from the hand of GOD". Try again.

Evolutionary biology does not require scapegoats, as it has evidence.

Wesley

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Response: Vestigial structures are often indicators of evolutionary relationships. A fine example is the vestigial limbs of some snakes. These organs certainly have no function (although that is not a requirement for being considered vestigial) but their presence is strong evidence that snakes evolved from reptiles that had legs- in other words, lizards.

Likewise, some vampire bats have molar teeth. Now, not all vampires live exclusively on blood. Of the 3 species, 2 eat varying numbers of insects, and the third lives exclusively on blood- to the point of starvation in the presence of insects. The first two species have moderately developed molar teeth, while the third has distinctly vestigial molars. Of what use is a tooth suitable for grinding solid food to a bat that lives on milk as an infant, and blood as an adult? Not surprisingly, the molars are most degraded in the most sanguivorous of the 3 species.

Just so we are clear, a vestigial organ is a remnant of a structure. It is a strawman argument to say no vestigial organs have functions. In fact, vestigial organs speed up evolutionary processes by providing structures that can be co-opted for other purposes. We see this in the human appendix. Once a structure specialized for digesting cellulose, it now has a accessory function (and one that is certainly non-vital) in the human immune system.

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Response: That's why I used "test" rather than "prove".

Perhaps it was too subtle.

Wesley

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Response: A web site that you might find possibly helpful is by the American Science Affiliation.
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Response: You should take a look at these:
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Response: I suspect you are responding to the off-site Answers in Genesis list of arguments that should not be used. This list is good for those who are not creationists because it shows that the evidence is simply not there and the logic is simply too poor for the more excessive claims made by many creationists, even by creationist standards. However, the main reason why those arguments should not be used, for creationist or evolution-supporter alike, is that they are false. I commend AiG for at least recognising this for some claims,
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Response: I am afraid you have confused evolution with cosmology. That department is on the third floor, down the hall to your left.

Please remember that evolution makes no comment about the beginning of the Universe, the beginning of life, or the beginning of pretty much anything. Evolution is concerned with the behavior of living populations, once they appear.

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Response: This little bit of "horse" exhaust goes back a ways. I found a similar use of the Litopterns in an antievolutionist book from the nineteen thirties (Dewar 1938).

The source of this specific argument is an Impact article by Duane Gish, the ICR's paleontology "expert". He makes the same argument in a couple of his books on the fossil record (Gish 1985 & 1995). Whether or not Dewar inspired Gish on this subject I cannot say.

As an aside, creationist Erich von Fange published a paper in the Creation Research Society Quarterly (von Fange 1988) in which he seems to imply some sort of evolutionist conspiracy regarding Litopterns. He basically argues that evolutionists reasons for classifying certain Litopterns (particularly the genus Thoatherium) in an Order of mammals separate from horses (Perissodactyla) were arbitrary and really done because the existence of such a very horse-like animal, before modern horses evolved, would somehow be problematic for evolutionary theory (von Fange includes a brief version of the same argument Gish uses above).

To answer your questions:

  1. No, paleontologists do not consider the three genera Gish lists as being an evolutionary series like that of the horse family.
  2. Yes, the dates given by Gish for the genera he lists are accurate, but irrelevant (I'll explain why in a moment).
  3. Figuring out which fossil species is the parent and which is daughter (and you are correct in that they may coexist) that can be a more complex question. First it is not really possible to establish with absolute certainty that any particular fossil species is the direct ancestor of another. There is no way to do, for example, a DNA comparison to know for sure.

Descent relationships between fossil species are inferences based upon what evidence is available (mostly the comparative anatomy of the hard parts like shells and skeletons) however even with lots of good fossil material it is always possible that instead of a parent/daughter relationship one can be looking at, to extend the family metaphor, an aunt/niece or older-sister/younger-sister relationship. So, while we can tell they are closely related we cannot be absolutely sure of the exact form of the relationship.

As for discerning which direction a transition is going, one has to look at the overall pattern of the fossils involved, and understand generally how evolution works by modification of existing parts. Cladistic methodologies are helpful for sorting these things out. In the particular case that Gish talks about it would be pretty unlikely that a species that had gone even further that modern horses in reducing its number of toes would give rise to another species that had three strong toes (and a host of other differences). But no one is claiming that they did.

Here are a couple links that might be helpful in understanding the interactions of systematics and paleontology.

Gish names three genera (Diadiaphorus, Thoatherium, and Macrauchenia) belonging to what he correctly identifies as the Order Litopterna, and he places them in the correct chronological order that they are found in the fossil record. The problem is that he does not inform his readers that the three genera he names belong to two different Families within the Order.

Diadiaphorus and Thoatherium, both early Miocene, belong to the Family Proterotheriidae and both are indeed horse-like in appearance. However the genus Macrauchenia, from the Pliocene/Pleistocene, belongs to the Family Macracheniidae and is not horse-like at all. Instead this Family of Litopterns is quite camel-like in appearance, another detail Gish fails to mention. He also doesn't mention (perhaps out of ignorance) that representatives of this Family can be found in the early Miocene as well, three toes and all.

To put this relationship between horse-like Litopterns and the camel-like Litopterns in terms of more familiar animals, it is roughly the same as that between horses and rhinoceroses, each belonging to different Families (Equidae and Rhinocerotidae respectively) of the Order Perissodactyla.

Thus we can see that Gish's argument comes down to basically this: if one Family of an Order shows a trend towards a reduction of toes (from three to one), then all Families of that Order must do likewise, or there is some problem with evolutionary theory. This is exactly like arguing that since horses reduced their toes from three to one, then rhinoceroses must do the same.

This is nonsense.

Nothing in evolutionary theory requires Families of the same Order to follow the same evolutionary trends in the way Gish implies, much less Families of a different Order.

References:

Dewar, Douglas (1938) More Difficulties of the Evolution Theory, pp.146-147

von Fange, Erich A. (1989) "The Litopterna - A Lesson in Taxonomy: The Strange Story of the South America 'False' Horses", Creation Research Society Quarterly, 25:184-190

Gish, Duane T. (1985) Evolution: The Challenge of the Fossil Record, pp.83-85

Gish, Duane T. (1995) Evolution: the fossils STILL say NO!, pp.191-193

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Response: Thanks. Mark Isaak has done just that in his An Index to Creationist Claims
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Response: Sharp eyes. Thanks.
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Author of: The Calaveras Skull Revisited
Response: It sounds like you have been given an impossible task. Because not every contact represents a period of terrestrial nondeposition, a person isn't going to find a buried fossil soil, called "paleosols" by geologists, associated with every contact. Also, along some unconformities, the formation of an erosional surface called a "ravinement surface," during marine transgressions has removed paleosols that once existed.

However, within the strata exposed in the Grand Canyon, there are paleosols at major unconformities that haven't been removed by subsequent marine transgressions and there are numerous paleosols found within the nonmarine strata. These paleosols (fossil soils), not to mention the presence of well-documented eolian sandstones within Grand Canyon strata, are sufficient to refute the claim that these sediments represent a continuous period of underwater deposition over less than geologic periods of time.

Unfortunately, very little research has been conducted specifically on the paleosols found in strata exposed within the Grand Canyon. While on a raft trip down the Grand Canyon lead by a geologist friend, I was shown paleosols within sedimentary rocks of the Temple Butte Limestone, which are preserved within an incised valley. Examples of these incised valleys are discussed and illustrated in the article by Ward (1998, 2001) as listed below. The paleosols within the Temple Butte Limestone indicate that similar paleosols were present along the contact between the Redwall and Muav limestones but were remove by erosion during the marine transgression.

Reference Cited:

Abbott, Ward, 1998, Canyon offers grand seismic view. AAPG Explorer. vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 36-37. (August 1998) [AAPG = American Association of Petroleum Geologists]

It can be found online as:

Abbot, Ward, 2001, Revisiting the Grand Canyon - Through the Eyes of Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy. Search and Discovery Article # 40018.

A few papers specifically describing paleosols found within strata exposed in the Grand Canyon have been published. They are:

1. Paleosols associated with upper contact of the Redwall Limestone:

Kenny, R., 1989. Variation in carbon and oxygen geochemistry and petrography of the Mississippian Redwall Formation, north-central Arizona: implications for extricating the diagenetic history of paleokarst carbonates and evidence for the earliest Microcodium microfossils. Cave Research Foundation Annual Report 1989, pp. 16-18. Cave Books, St. Louis, Missouri

Kenny, Ray, 1992, Silicified Mississippian Paleosol microstructures; evidence for ancient microbial-soil associations. Scanning Microscopy. vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 359-366 (June 1992)

Kenny, Ray, 1998, Paleoclimate during the Redwall karst event, Grand Canyon National Park. Park Science. vol. 18, no. 1, pp.21-23. (July 1998)

PDF file for Ray (1998)

Kenny, Ray and Knauth, L. Paul, 1992, Continental paleoclimates from delta and delta (super 18) O of secondary silica in paleokarst chert lags. Geology Boulder. vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 219-222 (March 1992)

2. Paleosols within the Supi Group:

Enos, Paul, Alissa, A. R., Buijs, G., Joyce, W., Fogarty, A. J., and Chaikin, D. H., 1998, Paleosols provide detailed local correlations within the upper Supai Group, Grand Canyon. Annual Meeting Expanded Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1998, vol. 1998, American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists : Tulsa, Oklahoma

Also, as noted by Glenn Morton in " Re: Morris, the Geologic Column, and Compromise," there occur other major unconformities, which contradict Young Earth creationist arguments, within the Grand Canyon strata in addition to the top of the Redwall Limestone, in which both paleosols and well developed karst has been documented. For example, the top of the Esplanade Sandstone of the Supi Group is a regional unconformity deeply cut by incised valleys that are as much as 90 m (300 ft) wide and 21 m (70 ft) deep. The top of the Esplanade Sandstone between the incised valleys itself is deeply eroded into buried hills with as much as 9 to 15 m (15 to 30 m) of relief on them as discussed in Abbott (2001), Beus and Morales (1990), and McKee (1982).

References Cited

Abbot, Ward, 2001, Revisiting the Grand Canyon - Through the Eyes of Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy. Search and Discovery Article # 40018.

Beus, S. S., and Morales, M., 1990, Grand Canyon Geology. Oxford University Press, New York,

McKee, E. D., 1982, Erosion surfaces, Chapter H, In E. D. McKee, pp. 155-176, The Supai Group of Grand Canyon. Professional Paper no. 1173. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virgina.

Some web pages that discuss the significance of paleosols found elsewhere in the world are:

Other web pages about the Grand Canyon, which should be of interest, are:

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Response: Wow. This feedback was so whacked that I just felt that it should be presented to the reading public. I could be wrong.
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Response: Interesting. I've got a degree from the University of Texas at Arlington.

I'll take a stab at various of the issues raised.

I'm a Christian, a member of the United Methodist Church. Somehow I seem to have missed the "bigotry, hatred, and discrimination towards christians" that is asserted to be endemic to those supporting evolution. Other Christians seem to have experiences more in line with mine, as perusal of the National Center for Science Education's "Voices for Evolution" publication will attest.

Why aren't evolutionists "hacking" on other religions? When will you please stop beating your wife? Proponents of good science education oppose the introduction of non-science into secondary school science classrooms. Because the most numerous and vociferous advocates of putting non-science into science classrooms in the USA are Christians (by self-report, though sometimes there seems to be little evidence for and much against the assertion), it seems to me that they interpret this opposition as "persecution" due to their religious commitment, rather than simple opposition to the proximal cause (their anti-science activities).

Evolutionary processes happen. That is a fact. Evolutionary considerations have real-world consequences in agriculture, in epidemiology, in ecology, and in medicine.

There certainly are departures from civility in discussions of evolution and creation. This isn't a one-sided thing. See this thread on invidious comparisons deployed by "intelligent design" advocates for examples. While name calling should be deprecated (on both sides), I would demur from labeling the pointing out of ignorance as "name calling". Ignorant people making pronouncements don't advance the argument and certainly don't show themselves to advantage. For example, Kent Hovind opined that scientists couldn't tell the difference between redwood trees and kidney beans because each has 22 chromosomes. I've pointed out the depths of ignorance of genetics that this implies, and I don't think that I've stepped out of line at all.

I think the assertion that I must be an atheist is pretty risible. I'm a long way from being a "TRUE atheist", since, as I mentioned earlier, I'm a United Methodist.

I would be interested in knowing which page we have here has a problem with referencing Jefferson, and getting the documentation to show that it is wrong would also be useful. A specific URL will help things along. We do correct errors in the materials here as they are shown to be erroneous.

Since it's my name on the domain registration, I surmise that the speculations the reader lists are supposed to fit me. While my politics were likely to the left of the majority of my fellow students at UTA (or, for that matter, TAMU), that still leaves a wide margin between my stances and those of the far left. I'm a centrist in my politics. As for whether I'm a scientist or not, I'll point out my curriculum vitae. Perhaps the consensus of 53 students isn't the final word on the matter, and the evidence might have some bearing.

Wesley

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Response: You can find explicitly Hindu, Native American, and Islamic creationist arguments addressed in the Index to Creationist Claims. In addition, several pages here address the arguments of Jonathan Wells, and I think most people would not consider the Unification Church to be Christian. Finally, most creationists arguments which don't overtly refer to the Bible are echoed by Harun Yahya, who is Islamic.

Most important, our arguments are not against Christianity or any other religion; they are against the bad arguments used by others, regardless of their religion. If you want anti-Christian diatribes, read the creationist literature, for example the last 20% of Morris's Scientific Creationism. The biggest enemy of creationists are Christians who don't agree with their Biblical interpretation. Creationism is probably the greatest anti-Christian force in the United States today.

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Response: Tennessee v. Scopes - lost.

Segraves v. California - lost.

Epperson v. Arkansas - won.

Smith v. Mississippi - won.

Hendren v. Campbell - won.

Willoughby v. National Science Foundation - won.

Crowley v. Smithsonian Institution - won.

Steele v. Tennessee - won.

Daniel v. Tennessee - won.

McLean v. Arkansas - won.

Edwards v. Aguillard - won.

I'll invoke the Aggie rule - the one with the most points wins.

Wesley

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Response: Many people use other metrics to judge the worth of their lives. Some people, for instance, might think about how well they have raised a family. Others would consider contributions to the body of scientific knowledge. I like to think I have had some lasting effect as an educator.

But thank you for your prayers.

Chris Thompson

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Response: Unfortunately, there are people who will never accept evolutionary theory. This has nothing to do with the merits or flaws of the theory, and everything to do with the emotional investment (or financial investment in some cases) they have in denying it. Couching it in a theological framework has been attempted before with completely unsatisfactory results- with good reason: it just isn't true. And if the truth does not serve your cause, you should reexamine your cause, not the truth.
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Response: Please first define "information". "Information" has several highly specific meanings in science, and to be honest, none of them really applies to genetics in the way you want it to.

Then, describe what you mean by a "structural change". Do you mean a change in the anatomy of an organism? What about a change in physiology? Wouldn't that count just as well? Would a change in the structure of a protein be sufficient to answer your question?

I am not trying to be flippant here, but I am trying to show readers that the questions you ask here either do not apply, or require impossible limits on the answer.

With regards to Cambrian fossils, I doubt anyone knows exactly how many have been discovered. You could catalog them: I am sure it would be quite interesting.

Chris

PS: For a beneficial mutation in humans, you might look up Hemoglobin C.

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Response: No monkey ever evolved into a human. Humans are apes, not monkeys. We are, however, all Primates.

The answer to the spirit of your question, though, is simply that the evolutionary path monkeys (and other apes) took millions of years ago is different from the one taken by humans. They are evolving in a different way than we are.

You mistake lies in the assumption that humans are some sort of pinnacle of evolutionary progress. That is not an assumption held by biologists (or other scientists). So the "goal" is not to become human. In fact, evolution is not a goal-oriented process at all. It simply happens.

Chris

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Response: Is this really Jason Gastrich?
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Response: I agree with your point that one need not deny Biblical inspiration to refute creationism. And I do not deny the possibility of predictive prophecy, only that there is proof of it. (Admittedly, I could have made that clearer, and I shall.) I include a rebuttal to prophecy because some creationists use it in their Biblical accuracy arguments for creationism.

I am not impressed that the destruction of Tyre is predictive. The Bible places it in the context of an attack by Nebuchadnezzar, which was retrodictive. (Tyre was under siege 585-573 BC.) Throwing debris into the sea and spreading nets are only to be expected of any coastal city; they can be said also of San Francisco. According to Encylopaedia Britannica, "most of the remains of the Phoenician period still lie beneath the present town." And although I have not been there, I expect the barrenness of the rock is subjective.

Of coures, if one wants to, one can choose to accept your interpretation. However, there is not sufficient evidence to compel it.

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Author of: The South African Spheres
Response: The arguments presented by Jim in the above feedback are examples of some very common misconceptions that all too many Young Earth creationists have about how either strata are deposited and fossils are formed.

The first misconception is that individual stratigraphic units, i.e. the Morrison Formation, were deposited simultaneously. If a person reads through what has been published in the scientific literature, they find that the assumption made by Mr. Jim that the Morrison Formation was simultaneously deposited over all of it's outcrop is readily refuted by the presence of numerous regional and unconformities and innumerable fossil soils that have been found within the Morrison Formation. These fossils soils, called "paleosols", provide proof that stratigraphic units, like the Morrison Formation, consists of innumerable layers of sediments, each created by a separate period of sediment accumulation, separated by even longer periods of nondeposition of sediment while the contact associated with the fossil soil was part of the land surface. Regional unconformities found within the Morrison Formation provide conclusive evidence of major and lengthy periods of time during which nondeposition and erosion occurred between the deposition of the sediments that now comprise the Morrison Formation. The scientific literature published on the sedimentology and stratigraphy of Morrison Formation soundly refutes any claim about the Morrison Formation having been deposited simultaneously as Jim and other people falsely claim.

Some web pages:

  1. "15E. The Morrison Formation (Jurassic)" in Jurassic - Cenozoic Strata of the Colorado Plateau
  2. Sedimentology of the Brushy Basin Member, Morrison Formation, (Late Jurassic), western Colorado by Kenneth, Galli, GSA Annual Meeting, November 5-8, 2001, Paper No. 149-0.
  3. Evaluating the "Noah's Flood Hypothesis"

A few of many published papers that present evidence refuting the "simultaneous deposition" claims are:

Demko, T. M., Currie, B. S., and Nicoll, K. A., 1996, Paleosols at sequence boundaries in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Colorado Plateau and Rocky Mountain regions, USA. Geological Society of America Abstract with Programs. vol. 28, no. 7, p. 185.

Demko, T. M., Currie, B. S., and Nicoll, K. A., in press, Regional paleoclimatic and stratigraphic implications of paleosols and fluvial-overbank architecture in the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Western Interior, U.S.A.: Sedimentary Geology.

Houck, Karen J., 2001, Dinosaur Ridge; celebrating a decade of discovery. Mountain Geologist. vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 97-110.

Peterson, F., and Turner, C. E., 1998, Stratigraphy of the Ralston Creek and Morrison Formations (Upper Jurassic) near Denver, Colorado: Modern Geology, vol. 22, no. 1-4, p. 3-38.

The answer to the question, "So did local flooding cause all these dinosaur remains to be deposited simultaneously all over the west?" is in part "yes" in the form of floodbasin and crevasse deposits. However, the Morison Formation also contains thick lake deposits, minor eolian deposits, and fluvial deposits related to the back and forth meandering of river channels. However, there aren't any Noachian Flood deposits.

The modern coastal plain of Texas and Louisiana is composed of alluvial and deltaic sediments deposited locally by the Rio Grande, Nueces, San Antonio, Guadalupe, Colorado, Brazos, Trinity, Neches, Sabine, Calcasieu, Red, Mississippi, Amite, Tickfaw, and many other rivers. The "local" accumulations of sediments adjacent to these rivers have merged together to create a broad apron of sediments and the coastal plain they underlie that extends hundred of kilometers along the northwest coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The Morrison Formation differs in that it contains a substantial proportion of fresh-water lake deposits and accumulated downstream of an active mountain range within a basin much like the vast amount of sediments, which still are accumulating, filling the Central Andean Foreland Basin within South America.

In Paleogeography of the Southwestern US, go look at:

  1. Late Jurassic Paleogeography, Southwestern US (150 Ma) and Figure.
  2. Latest Jurassic Paleogeography, Southwestern US (145 Ma) and Figure.

The second misconception expressed by Jim is that fossils aren't being formed today. In fact, geologists and paleontologists have taken Jim's advice and studied modern rivers and lakes to see if fossils are being formed in them. The fact of the matter is that the observations and data that they have collected in the field and published in the scientific literature refute Jim's arguments. This published research clearly demonstrate that a very small, but significant, percentage of modern bones and shells of animal and remains of plants are being buried in ways that they are preserved and, eventually many of them will become fossils. In fact, these studies demonstrate that in certain circumstances, hard parts, like bones and shells don't have to be buried as rapidly as Jim incorrectly claimed.

Modern examples of observed fossilization, which refute the arguments about the lack of modern fossilization and the need for rapid burial being made by Jim be found at:

  1. Non Catastrophic and Modern Fossilization
  2. "Fish Fossils Post of the Month for September 2002".
  3. fossilization
  4. Re: fossilization

A few of many publications that falsify Jim's arguments on fossilization are:

Allison, P. and Briggs, D. E. G., eds., Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record. New York, Plenum.

Behrensmeyer, A. K., 1991, Vertebrate Paleoecology in a Recent East African Ecosystem. In J. Gray, A. J. Boucot, and W. B. N. Berry, eds., pp. 591-615. Communities of the Past, Stroudsburg, Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company.

Behrensmeyer, A. K., 1988, Vertebrate Preservation in Fluvial Channels. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. vol. 63, no. 1-3, pp. 183-199.

Dunn, K. A., McLean, R. J. C., Upchurch, G. R., Jr., and Folk, R. L., 1997, Enhancement of Leaf Fossilization Potential by Bacterial Biofilms. Geology. vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 119-1222.

Wilby, P. R., Briggs, D. E. G., Bernier, P., and Gaillard, C., 1996, role of Microbial Mats in the Fossilization of Soft Tissues. Geology. vol. 24, no.9, pp. 787-790.

A person can also look at " Basic Concepts on Dinosaur Taphonomy," a PDF file, which is a sample chapter from "Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs" by Anthony J. Martin and Published by Blackwell Publishing Company.

In the last paragraph, Jim repeats a number of common falsehoods about fossil bone. Such misinformation includes claims that bone has a "shelf-life," whatever it might mean as fossil bones are not normally sold as food, of about 10,000 years and the presence of dinosaur bones in Wyoming composed of 100 percent unaltered bone. Because the rate, at which bones will either recrystallize or are replaced by other minerals, varies so much according to specific environmental conditions, it is impossible to conclude how long bone can remain unaltered. There is no scientific justification for the 10,000-year limit. Thus, neither degree nor apparent lack of fossilization can be used to argue for "short time emplacement" of these fossils.

Scientific studies of alleged unaltered dinosaur bone, like the alleged Wyoming bone, have shown that even the most pristine-looking dinosaur bone has suffered significant diagenetic alteration. For example, studies of dinosaur bones, like the "100%" Wyoming dinosaur bones, that appeared to be unaltered, have shown such appearances to be quite decieving. When such "100%" pristine-looking bones were examined in detail, they were found to have been significantly altered. Some documented examples are:

  1. Hubert, J. F., Panish, P. T., Chure, D. J., and Prostak, K. S., 1996, Chemistry, microstructure, petrology, and diagenetic model of Jurassic dinosaur bones, Dinosaur National Monument, Utah. Journal of Sedimentary Research, Section A., vol. 66, no. 3, pp.531-547.
  2. Goodwin, M. B., 2001, evidence for enrichment in Late Cretaceous dinosaur bone using microbeam PIXE. PaleoBios vol. 21, supplement to number 2, p. 57.

For example, Goodwin (2001) refuted the alleged unlatered ("fresh") nature of dinosaur bones found along the Colville River in Alaska. The abstract for this paper can be found in "Re: Colville River, North Slope Alaska, Dinosaur Fossils Questions." Thus, the claims about "100%" dinsoaur bones and the 10,000-year "shelf-life of bone demonstrating a "short time since emplacement" for these fossils is nothing more than junk science.

Finally, the reason that the dinosaur bones at Dinosaur National Park need "stablization" is because the remaining "original" bone has been severely degraded and altered, i. e. Hubert et al. (1996) given above, to the point that it no longer retains its original structural integrity and strength.

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Response: I think you've answered your own question.

Chris

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Response: Just so you know, we don't "believe in" evolution either. To believe in something is to accept it on faith, without evidence.

No, scientists (and rational people in general) consider evolution to be the best explanation of the diversity of life on the planet.

Second, there are many christians who disagree with you. Most christians, in fact, have no problem accepting evolution as a valid scientific theory. It's a small, loud, and mistaken subset of christians who think you must accept a literal reading of Genesis before you can be a good christian.

Finally, as a christian, what do you believe in? A global flood? A world in which dinosaurs coexisted with humans? Seven-day creation?

If you answered "yes" to all three questions, you perforce also believe in a god that would destroy or obscure evidence to mislead people on earth, and fabricate evidence to do the same. Because there would be no other way to explain the lack of evidence for a flood, and the mountains of evidence (like fossils) that support evolution.

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Response: Thanks.

Please do share with us any place where we have been less than accurate. We do value accuracy here. Specific URLs and references would help tremendously.

Wesley

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  1. No, punctuated equilibria is not an excuse for a lack of transitional forms. It still involves animals diversifying into a range of forms over long periods of time, and it remains consistent with the known existence of the many transitionals that show the process of diversification from ancient ancestral forms. For more details, see the FAQ Punctuated Equilibria. See also the essay by one of the originators of this idea, S.J. Gould, Evolution as Fact and Theory. It is well worth reading the whole thing; but one well known extract may be noted here:

    We proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium largely to provide a different explanation for pervasive trends in the fossil record. Trends, we argued, cannot be attributed to gradual transformation within lineages, but must arise from the different success of certain kinds of species. A trend, we argued, is more like climbing a flight of stairs (punctuated and stasis) than rolling up an inclined plane.

    Since we proposed punctuated equilibria to explain trends, it is infuriating to be quoted again and again by creationists—whether through design or stupidity, I do not know—as admitting that the fossil record includes no transitional forms. Transitional forms are generally lacking at the species level, but they are abundant between larger groups. ]...

    It should be noted that creationist concerns with transitionals are invariably at the level of larger groups, and not the level of species. This is just the level at which transitional are common. We have a number of FAQS that document and describe many transitional forms.

  2. If there were any hoaxes which are still being taught as true, you may ask about them, but check the archive first to see if your questions are not already answered. The real problem is that you are misinformed. The only significant transitional form hoax of which I am aware is the famous Piltdown Man hoax, for which we have a detailed FAQ, and which is not being taught as true. There are cases of scientific error, such as Nebrasksa Man and others; but these are not fraud, and I am not aware of any known erroneous transitionals being taught in schools as if true. Such errors are usually picked up long before they could get into a school curriculum.

  3. Children under 13 are not allowed to use this feedback system, because of governmental guidelines, which we support wholeheartedly, for appropriate and safe use of the Internet by children. For more detail, see Kids Privacy; requirements for website operators, supplied by the Federal Trade Commission in the USA.

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Author of: Evolution and Philosophy
Response: There are, in fact, a number of natural laws that give "meaning" to DNA, but first, note that "information" is not the same thing as "meaning". In information theory, a sequence of symbols has information to the extent that there is a low probability that the exact sequence would be arrived at by chance, through "noise". But if you are sending a sequence of nonsense symbols through your communication system, the signal has maximum information content, or minimum entropy, if the sequence at the sender's end is identical to the sequence at the receiver's end.

Another common sense of "information" in theoretical mathematics is that the information content of a message is the smallest compression of that message without loss - in the case of a computer file, if you can decompress it to the exact binary form it had before compression.

Meaning , on the other hand is contextual. As you clearly noted, the meaning of "dfhdsf" depends entirely on the agreed conventions of the language speakers (the users of those words). Other words can depend for their meaning on the language used - Gift in English means a present. In German it means poison. Make sure, if you give a gift to your beloved, that you are speaking English!

To say that DNA has a "meaning" is to use an analogy with language that doesn't quite work. The function of a DNA product - an enzyme or other protein - depends on the other aspects of the organism - its cells, cell structures, other genes that turn it on or off, or turn on or off other parts of the organism, and, crucially, the environment. Here is a favorite example of mine: spina bifida. The genes that cause the vertebral column to close over the spinal column properly depend critically on the presence of folic acid in the maternal diet. In some families, there are genetic tendencies to be more sensitive to lacks of that diet. Are these "genes for spina bifida" in those environments? Clearly not. But if genes have meanings, that is the meaning of those genes in that environment.

The natural laws that govern the ways genes cause organisms to develop are just the laws of physics and chemistry, to which we can add the sorting effect of natural selection. Things that capture energy, food material and so on, enabling organisms to live long enough to reproduce are the things that have "meaning" in that respect. It's some that we can only identify in retrospect.

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Author of: The Recession of the Moon and the Age of the Earth-Moon System
Response: The moon won't leave Earth at all. The moon now holds the same side towards Earth at all times, except for a slight wobble called "libration". The moon will continue to recede from Earth, and Earth will continue to slow in spin, until eventually Earth has the same side always towards the moon. That process will take about 5x1010, or 50 billion, years (this result is found in table 4.1 of Solar System Dynamics by C.D. Murray & S.F. Dermott, Cambridge University Press, 1999, 2001, but the same conclusion was reached many years earlier by Harold Jeffreys, in his book The Earth, Cambridge University Press, 1924).

Once that has happened, solar tides would continue to slow the rotation of Earth, and it would then spin more slowly than the moon. When that happens, the moon would reverse its drift away from Earth, and come back towards Earth at an increasing rate. Eventually, the moon would be destroyed by Earth's gravity, once it comes inside Earth's Roche limit. This process is now at work for Phobos, the innermost moon of Mars (but Mars & Phobos are both much smaller than Earth & the moon, so it would probably take even more than 50 billion years for Phobos to meet its doom).

However, our sun will begin its red giant phase in only about 5 or 6 billion years. It will swallow up Mercury & Venus, and maybe Earth as well. It is distinctly possible that this major change in the sun will destroy the Earth-moon system long before it gets a chance to play out its tidal adventure.

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Response: I would be interested to see your evidence for a young earth. It would certainly make the news.

The moon-dust argument is so flawed, Answers in Genesis has repudiated it. Look at: Moon-dust argument no longer useful (Please disregard the self-serving notions they present there: the argument was settled long, long before they got around to admitting it).

To which dating method are you referring, when you mention a useful span of 10,000 years? Carbon-14 is useful to about 40000 years, but potassium-argon systems are useful for hundreds of millions of years. There is no guesswork here; the figures have been repeated hundred of times.

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Response: I really don't understand how otherwise reasonably bright people can somehow think that we advocate a Flat Earth. How can they have missed the point of our prominent disclaimer? Or that of the title that we provided? Or even cooled down because there's no working link to feedback from that page? Can the reader answer those questions?

Wesley

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Response: I would suggest that you contact the people at the Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee. Their home page is Welcome to the Gray Fossil Site web page and contact information can be found in Contact Information.

The best thing to do is mail them a letter with a hard copy picture of the femur fossils and some information about where in Tennessee it was found. Also, you can send them an email with a jpg of this fossil attached.

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Response: I can't say that I've seen any of those. I've seen several of his criticisms of "intelligent design" arguments, which are quite good.

Wesley

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Response: As background to Wesley's response, here are some of Sober's papers, linked from his home page:

Sober is an important philosopher of evolutionary biology, and an incisive critic of the nonsense promulgated by the so-called intelligent design movement.

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Response: Interesting. A "highly regarded webpage" for which Alexa has no ranking data. And for which Google has no knowledge of anyone even linking to it.

Ah, the anthropic principle. Please see the page on the anthropic principle as a creationist claim. It links to our Cosmology FAQ. Elsewhere, we have a proposed FAQ on the anthropic principle.

It's not like we're hiding any of this.

Wesley

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Response: It is likely that our responder mistyped the URL. Replace "com" with "org" to get an old earth creationist site, built up by someone raised in the "Reasons To Believe" tradition. Nothing remarkable. The self-serving "highly acclaimed" description appears to be a bluff. The site covers a lot of ground, and a lot of topics well beyond just god and science. The science on the site is trite and pretty bad at first sight. But I have submitted it for including in our list of links. Other people with links should send them there rather than to feedback.
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Author of: Five Major Misconceptions about Evolution
Response: Try Understanding Evolution: An evolution website for teachers.
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Response: The reason you didn't find anything about the creation of the earth on this website is easy: evolutionary biology has nothing to say about that. It just is not part of the subject matter. You should ask geologists, astronomers, or cosmologists questions about that.

Evolution only deals with living things.

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Response: We are not responsible for the feedback. We don't make it up, either.
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Response: First off, most scientists are religious people. They are able to reconcile their faith with their science. The people who think you must relinquish belief in god to accept evolution are few in number, high in volume, and wrong. They are most wrong about the requirement of accepting a literal reading of Genesis in order to be a christian. Genesis is NOT the literal truth, there ARE fossils dating back hundreds of millions of years, there was NEVER a global flood. Take a walk through any natural history museum- or look online at their websites (www.amnh.org, for example). There are millions of fossils, and there are beautiful transitional series showing the evolutionary history of many organisms.

Punctuated equilibrium is a hypothesis put forth by Niles Eldridge & Stephen J. Gould. It has been misrepresented and misinterpreted ever since it was published. The simple version is this: many species are in a sort of stasis for most of their evolutionary lifetimes. There are periods, though, of rapid evolution. Gould and Eldridge proposed this to explain patterns seen for many years in the fossil records. I would suggest you read the FAQ on this topic; it is excellent, well-written, and easy to understand:

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Response: It's due to tidal forces acting to retard the moon's rotation. The effect is small, but over long periods of time it can result in this kind of motion. Most moons in the solar system show the same effect.

You can find explanations in the Astronomy FAQ, and the Wikipedia article on tidal locking

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Response: This question actually comes up now and again. I have three immediate references, and I have seen quite a few others that I neglected to note. I have assumed from your request that the trace element anomalies, such as at the K/T boundary won't count for some reason. I personally observe "cosmic dust" occasionally during soil analysis of archaeological sites, but these tiny (50 to 100 micron) glassy grains aren't very dramatic.

Byerly, Gary R, Donald R. Lowe, Joseph L. Wooden, Xiaogang Xie 2002 "An Archaen Impact Layer from the Pilbara and Kaapvaal Cratons" Science 297 (5585): 1325

Cohen, B. A., T. D. Swindle, and D. A. Kring 2000 “Support for the Lunar Cataclysm Hypothesis from Lunar Meteorite Impact Melt Ages” Science Dec 1 2000: 1754-1756.

and also the Ames, Oklahoma, Meteorite Impact Structure

The Ames site is interesting because it is a deeply buried impact crater. Of course, a young earth creationist can always deny that these impact events are ancient, or that there is any reason that they can't just be miracles.

On behalf of the contributers, I am glad you like the site.

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Author of: The Calaveras Skull Revisited
Response: Below are some additional web pages that provide evidence of meteor impacts in the Earth's sedimentary layers.

Impact Craters

  1. Impact Cratering On Earth

Fossil Meteorites, Buried Impact Craters, and Buried Impactite Beds

  1. B.M. French, 1998, Traces of Catastrophe, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Tx, 120 pp.

    PDF File of Traces of Catastrophe (19.7 MB file)
  2. When the sky fell on our heads: Identification and interpretation of impact products in the sedimentary record by Philippe Claeys
  3. The Chesapeake Bay Bolide: Modern Consequences of an Ancient Cataclysm
  4. Global Flood Problems I
  5. Young-earth "proof" #4 in "MATSON v HOVIND: How Good Are Those Young-Earth Arguments?

All of the above web pages provide documented examples that clearly refute the arguments made in "IT'S A YOUNG WORLD AFTER ALL" by Paul D. Ackerman.

A few of many publications that provide extensive documented evidence of meteor impacts, including "fossil"meteorites, buried within the Earth's sedimentary layers are:

Basu, A. R., Petaev, M. I., Poreda, R. J., Jacobsen, S. B., and Becker, L., 2003, Chondritic meteorite fragments associated with the Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica. Science. vol. 302, pp.1388-1392.

Grieve, R. A. F., 1997, Extraterrestrial impact events: the record in the rocks and the stratigraphic record. Palaeogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, vol. 132, no. 1-4, pp. 5-23.

Montanari, A., and Koeberl, C., 2000, Impact Stratigraphy: The Italian Record. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, Springer-Verlag, 364 pp.

Nystrom, J. O., Lindstrom, M., and Wickman, F. E., 1988, Discovery of a second Ordovician meteorite using chromite as a tracer. Nature. vol. 336, pp. 572-574.

Schmitz, B., Lindstrom, M., Asaro, F., and Tassinari, M., 1996, Geochemistry of meteorite-rich marine limestone strata and fossil meteorites from the Lower Ordovician at Kinnekulle, Sweden. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. vol. 145, pp. 31-48.

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Response: Your question about "denying what God says" hides some significant presumptions which are not universal amongst believers. Does denying that the first chapter of Genesis is written as a historical account of events exactly as they occurred correspond to disbelief in God? Of course not; many faithful believers disagree on such things; and most are sufficiently generous to recognize one another as fellow believers in God even while they may disagree on such things as appropriate interpretation of the bible.

The reason why we say that the world was not made in seven days is because we see the plain evidence of much greater age. That is all there is too it. Many Christians recognize this same evidence as well, and believe that the bible and the natural world may both be taken as reflecting the same creator.

There are different ways in which Christians have reconciled these revelations, and this archive does not have a single perspective on how this is best achieved.

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Response: You present a lot of good information. I would suggest that you look over a few more papers in the archive to get a feel for "style" on whatever you might write. Then there are some straight forward submission guidelines at www.talkorigins.org/origins/faqs-submit.html
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Response: We don't have a feedback discrimination policy against letters from Christians. I don't know where you got that idea.

It is a common antievolutionary argument that by observing what is, one must conclude creation by God. E.g., Devotions for Growing Christians cites the following scripture:

Romans 1:20 - For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature have been clearly seen, being understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse.

Either your argument that we cannot conclude any true thing from what we observe in the present is wrong, or you are setting aside the cited scripture. Take your pick.

The content of evolutionary biology, like the content of the rest of science, does change. I'm afraid that I'll have to demur from your position that this is a bad thing.

If you find something in the TalkOrigins Archive that is untrue, please write to the author of the article to point out specifically what is wrong and why you believe it to be wrong. If you can't contact the author, then send feedback here. Cite the URL of the page with the problem, and explain why there is a problem.

It seems to me that for every actual problem with a page here on the Archive that someone sends us a message that is specific enough to be useful, we receive dozens of messages like the reader's that say that there are problems, but don't give us any guide other than the vague notion that some pages (among the hundreds we have here) caused dissatisfaction.

I'm afraid that I will have to nicely decline the invitation to remove pages from the Archive until such time as specific pages are shown to be problematic.

Wesley

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